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ELEMENTARY HISTORY 



THE UNITED STATES 



WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. 



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G. P. QUACKENBOS, LL. D., 

AUTHOE OF " ILLTTSTEATED SCHOOL HISTOET OF THE V. S.," " AMSKIOAN UISTOBT FOK 
SCHOOLS," ETC. 



HE VISED, IK 188 I^^ BY JOHN D. QUACEENBOS, A.M., M.D. 



NEW YOKE: 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 

1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET. 

1884. 



^.Vv^ 



PKEFACE 



FinsT books, on any subject, should be simple and attractive. The be- 
ginner should never be discouraged by words that he does not understand, 
or sentences of great length and complicated structure. He should find his 
text-book interesting, and be won to study by the pleasant trains of thought 
it suggests and charms of style and story. He will otherwise be apt to con- 
ceive a dislike to the subject treated, and may feel the ill effects of a bad 
beginning throughout his whole subsequent course of study. 

These principles have been kept in view during the preparation of the 
present volume. The author has here endeavored to present the history of 
our country so clearly that it may be studied with profit at an early age. 
Leading events are presented, but without any repulsive array of minute 
details, dates, or figures. 

We all know the fondness of the young for stories ; truthful anecdotes 
have therefore been interspersed throughout. To please the eye, as well as 
awaken thought, numerous engravings, designed with strict regard to his- 
toric truth, have been introduced. The form of a continuous narrative has 
been adopted as preferable for reading purposes, but questions bringing 
out the leading facts are presented at the bottom of each page, which may 
be used by the learner in preparing himself and by the teacher at recitation. 

It is hoped that this book will be found comprehensive and thorough, 
as well as easy and interesting. Used independently, it is believed that it 
will give a fair and correct idea of our country's history ; when a more ex- 
tended course is desired, it may with advantage be followed by the author's 
" Illustrated School History of the United States ". 

New Youk, August 1, 1860. 



In the present edition, the former text remains materially unaltered ; 
the form of the book has been changed, new maps have been introduced, 
as well as instructive illustrations from the pencils of eminent designers, 
and the whole has been brought down to June, 1884. 

Copyright, 1860, 1868, BY G. P. QUACKENBOS. 



CoPTEiGHT, 1884, BY JOHN D. QUACKENBOS. 
\ 



ISO?; 



COJSTTEKTS 



LESSON 

I. Four Hundred Years ago, 

II. Christopher Cohimbus, . 

III. The Discovery of America, 

IV. Later Voyages of Columbus. — Cabot, 
V. Balboa. — Magellan. — Cortez, 

VI. French Discoveries. — De Soto, . 

VII. The American Indians, 

VIII. The First Settlements, 

IX. Captain John Smith, 

X. The Virginia Colony, . 

XI. Dutch Settlements. — Henry Hudson, . 

XII. The Pilgrim Fathers, . 

XIII. The Plymouth Colony, 

XIV. Other New England Colonies, . 
XV. Connecticut. — The Pequod War, 

XVI. Maryland. — Delaware. — New Jersey, 

XVII. King Philip's War, ' . 

XVIII. Virginia. — Indian Troubles. — Bacon's Rebellion 

XIX. Carolina. — Pennsylvania, . 

XX. Indian Missions. — French Explorers, 

XXI. King William's War, 

XXII. Queen Anne's War. — The Southwest. — Georgia founded 

XXIII. Washington's Expedition, 

XXIV. French and Indian War. — Braddock's Defeat, 
XXV. Close of the French and Indian War, . 

XXVI. Troubles with the Governors, . 

XXVII. Causes of the Revolution . 
XXVIII. Commencement of the Revolution, 

XXIX. Capture of Ticcnderoga. — Ethan Allen, 

XXX. Battle of Bunker Hill, 

XXXI. Invasion of Canada. — Siege of Boston, 

XXXII. Attack on Charleston. — Declaration of Independence, 

XXXIII. Battle of Long Island, 



CONTENTS. 



LESSON 

XXXIV. Washington's Ketreat. — Trenton. — Princeton, 
XXXV. Burgoyne's Campaign, 

XXXVI. Brandywine.— Germantown. — Valley Forge, 
XXXVII. Monmouth. — Wyoming. — Movements in the South 
XXXVIII. Paul Jones.— Francis Marion, 
XXXIX. Hanging Eock. — Camden. — Arnold's Treason, . 

XL. King's Mountain. — Cowpens. — Guilford Court-House. 
XLI. Eutaw. — Yorktown. — Close of the Revolution, . 
XLII. Formation of a Constitution, 
XLIII. Washington's Two Terms, 
XLIV. John Adams. — Thomas Jefferson, . 
XLV. Jefferson's Second Term. — James Madison, 
XL VI. Battle of Tippecanoe. — War with England, 
XL VII. Reverses on Land : Triumphs on the Ocean, 
XLVIII. The War in the Northwest, 
XLIX. Pike's Expedition. — Fort Stephenson. — Lake Erie, 
L. Harrison's Invasion of Canada. — Creek War, 
LL Close of the War of 1812, 
LII. James Monroe. — John Quincy Adams, 
LIII. Andrew Jackson, 

LIV. Martin Van Buren. — Harrison and Tyler, . 
LV. James K. Polk. — The Mexican War, 
LVI. Taylor and Fillmore, 
LVII. Franklin Pierce. — James Buchanan, 
LVIII. Commencement of Civil War, 
LIX. Movements of 1862, . 
LX. Movements of 1862 (continued), . 
LXI. Movements of 1862 (continued) and 1863, 
LXII. Movements of 1863 (continued), . 
LXIII. Movements of 1864, . 
LXIV. Movements of 1864 (continued), . 
LXV. Closing Movements of the War, 
LXVI. Johnson's Administration, . 
LXVII. Grant's Administration, 
LXVIII. Hayes's Administration. — Assassination of Garfield 
LXIX. Arthur's Administration, 
Chronological Record, . 
Declaration of Independence, 
Constitution of the LTnited States, . 



ELEMENTAKY HISTOEY 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 




LESSON I. 

FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 

1. The Earth is round, like a ball. It contains two 
large divisions of land, called Continents. One lies in 
the east, and is called the Eastern Continent. The other 
lies in the west, and is called the Western Continent. 
These two continents are separated on one side by the 
broad Atlantic Ocean, and on the other by the Pacific, 
which is still broader. The map given above shows these 
continents and oceans. 

2. The United States, in which we live, is part of 



6 FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 

]S"orth America, and lies in the "Western Continent. Eu- 
rope, Asia, and Africa, form the Eastern Continent. 
Those who want to go from one continent to the other, 
have to sail many miles, across either the Atlantic or the 
Pacific. 

3. ISTow, our gallant sailors think nothing of making 
such a voyage. But there was a time when even the 
bravest were afraid to venture far out upon the ocean. 
Their vessels were not so large or so well shaped as ours ; 
and they feared, if they went too far away from land, 
they w^ould never find the way back. 

4. Four hundred years ago, men did not know 
so much about the Earth as they do now. They thought 
that it was flat, instead of round. They knew nothing of 
the Western Continent. They were afraid of the broad 
ocean. They supposed that those who kept saihng west 
would either reach the end of the Earth and fall off, or 
meet with dreadful gales and whirlpools. Some thought 
that the unknown waters to the west were filled with 
frightful monsters, and that it was wicked to try to sail 
there. So they left the Atlantic mostly unexplored. The 
farthest land that was known toward the west was the isl- 
ands called the A-zores', about 800 miles west of Portugal. 

5. Four hundred years ago, the land we inhabit looked 
very different from what it now does. There were no 
great cities in it then ; no large farms, with fields of wav- 
ing grain ; no comfortable houses, with smoke curling up 
from their chimney-tops ; no horses or cattle in the mead- 
ows; no fences, no bridges, no roads; no steamboats or 
saihng-vessels on the rivers ; no white men, to give life to 
the whole. 

6. In place of these, there were giant trees, thick 
woods, and rolling prairies. Deer, bears, and wolves. 



CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 7 

abounded. There were fair streams, but no signs of life 
on them except the busy beaver. Here and there was 
a rude hut, covered with bark or skins ; and dark, half- 
naked figures stole through the tangled brush-wood. 

7. And what has so changed the appearance of the 
country ? — Its discovery by Europeans. They found it a 
fruitful and pleasant land. They came over to it in great 
numbers. They cut down the woods, laid out farms, 
tilled the soil, and built villages and cities. They made 
the wilderness blossom like the rose. 

8. But the Western Continent might have remained 
unlvnown to Europeans till this day, had it not been for 
the genius of one man. That great man, the discoverer 
of America, was Christopher Columbus. 



LESSON II. 

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 

1. Colviinbus was born at Gen^o-a, in Italy, a coun- 
try of Europe. His parents were poor, but had him well 
instructed. At an early age he went to sea, and visited 
various countries. On one occasion, the ship on which 
he served took fire, and lie had to throw himself into the 
sea and swim for his life. 

2. After making many voyages, Columbus became 
convinced that the Earth was round, and that by 
saiHng west he would finally reach land. If you mark an 
orange, and place your finger on the opposite side, you 
will reach the mark whichever way you carry your finger 
round. So Columbus thought that by sailing west he 
would arrive at Asia, just as certainly as he would by 



8 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. [1474 

going east. He knew nothing of the Western Conti- 
nent ; but he supposed that Asia extended much farther 
east than it does, and he determined to try to reach it by 
launching out on the unexplored ocean. 

3. The Azores, as we have said, were the most 
westerly land known at that day. Now, after a violent 
west wind, trees torn up by the roots w^ere sometimes 
washed on these islands. The bodies of two men, very 
different in appearance from the people of Europe and 
Africa, had also been thrown there. These facts con- 
firmed Columbus in his belief, and made him still more 
anxious to set out on a voyage of discovery. 

4. But where was he to get the means ? He was poor, 
and had no ships of his own. He could only lay his plans 
before the different powers of Europe, and implore their 
aid. First he tried his countrymen, the Genoese, but 
without success. Then he went to Portugal. The King 
of this country listened to his arguments ; but, wishing to 
have the honor of the discovery all to himself, he basely 
deceived Columbus, and sent out a vessel on the proposed 
course under another commander. The expedition, how- 
ever, failed, as it deserved to do. 

5. Columbus next turned to Spain, which was then 
ruled by the famous Ferdinand and his wife Isabella. 
He had by this time become so poor that on his way to 
the court he had to beg for bread for himself and his 
little son. On his arrival, he found the King and Queen 
engaged in a great war with the Moors. They had no 
time to listen to a poor sailor whom every one laughed at. 
Still Columbus would not give up. Full of his great idea, 
he waited for a more favorable time, supporting himself 
by making maps and charts. 

6. At last he obtained the ear of Ferdinand, and 



1491] COLUMBUS BEFORE THE COUNCIL. 9 

pleaded his cause so earnestly that be almost convinced 
the King. But the long war had exhausted the royal 
treasur}^, and money was too scarce to be risked on an 
uncertainty. So Ferdinand resolved to take the advice of 
the wise men of his kingdom. Columbus appeared before 
them at Salamanca, to unfold his cherished plan. 

7. Before the Council. — But the wise men of 
Spain could not believe that a poor sailor knew more 
than they did. How, they asked, could the Earth be 
round? If it were, then on the opposite side the rain 
would fall upward ; trees would grow with their branches 
down ; and every thing would be topsy-turvy. Objects 
on its surface would certainly fall off the opposite side ; 
and, if a ship by sailing west got around there, it would 
never be able to climb up the side of the Earth and get 
back again. How could a ship sail up-hill ? 

8. Such was the reasoning of the \vise men. By their 
advice, the King refused to furnish Columbus the ships 
he wanted. Who can describe his disappointment, after 
waiting so many years ? There was yet one chance. Per- 
haps Queen Isabella would listen to him with more favor. 
He obtained an interview with her. Alas ! she too was 
persuaded to refuse him. 

9. Ahnost in despair, Columbus was on the point of 
quitting Spain forever, when a message from Isabella 
recalled him to court, with the glad tidings that the 
Queen had changed her mind. She had determined to 
fit out three vessels fol' the enterprise, even if she had to 
pledge her jewels to raise the necessary money. 



10 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. [1491 

LESSON III. 
THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 

1. Spanish Ships, — On the opposite page is a pict- 
ure of three ships in the time of Columbns, with a portrait 
of the great discoverer himself. They look quite different 
from vessels of the present day. The hulls are much 
higher out of the water than those of modern ships, and 
not so sharp in front. The rigging, too, is different. You 
see a little round box near the top of the foremast. Here 
a sailor was stationed to keep a lookout ; and in battle men 
were placed there to shoot those who appeared on the ene- 
my's deck. 

2. First Voyage of Columbus. — With three such 
ships, two of which had no decks, Columbus set out on his 
voyage of discovery. So dangerous was it considered, that 
he could hardly get sailors enough to man his vessels. At 
last ninety men were obtained, and with these he sailed 
from Palos \^2^ah'los\ a Spanish port, on the 3d of August, 
1492. Columbus was now fifty-seven years old. 

3. After stopping at the Canary Islands, to repair one 
of their vessels, Columbus and his men stood out boldly to 
the west on the great ocean. Day after day they kept on 
their course, with nothing in sight but the sky and the 
sea. The sailors looked out anxiously for land ; but, as 
none appeared, they became terribly frightened, and 
wanted to turn back. This Columbus would not do. 
He set before them the glory they would gain if they 
succeeded, and the anger of Queen Isabella if they should 
return contrary to his ^vishes. But, as time wore on, they 
became more and more alarmed. They feared they would 



1492] 



THE VOYAGE. 



11 



never find the way home. Tliey even talked of throwing 
Columbus overboard, and taking the ship back to Spain 
themselves. 

4. At last Columbus 
had to promise that if 
land was not discovered 
within three days he 
would return. How anx- 
iously he watched during 







that time, and how high his heart beat with hope when 
signs of land actually appeared ! The water grew shal- 
lower. Flocks of little birds came round the vessels. A 



12 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. [1492 

branch bearing fresh berries was found floating on the 
sea. A close watch was kept. Two hours after midnight, 
on the 12th of October, a jojful cry of '' Land ! land ! " 
was heard from one of the vessels. It was echoed on the 
others. The sailors were now frantic with delight. They 
were ready to worship Columbus, whom a little while be- 
fore they had talked of throwing into the sea. 

5. When day dawned, the land was plainly seen. A 
pleasant land it was. There were gay flowers, and tall 
trees with leaves and fruit such as they had never seen 
before. On the shore were unclad copper-colored men, 
gazing in wonder at the Sj^anish ships. They took the 
ships for great birds, the white sails for their wings, and 
the Spaniards for superior beings brought down from 
Heaven on their backs. 

6. Columbus and his men hastened to land. Kneel- 
ing, they kissed the earth, and returned thanks for their 
successful voyage. Then Columbus took possession of 
the country in the name of the King and Queen of 
Spain. 

7. The land thus discovered was one of the Ba-ha'ma 
Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between [N'orth and South 
America. He named it San SalVa-dor. Thinking that 
he was now in the East Indies, he called the natives 
Indians. All the islands of this region are still known 
as the West Indies. 

8. Discovery of Cuba.— Columbus soon left San 
Salvador, to make further discoveries, in the course of 
which he touched at Cu'ba and Haiti [Jia'te]. At the 
latter island he lost one of his ships, and left some of his 
men as a colony. After collecting specimens of the pro- 
ductions, and inducing several of the natives to embark 
with him, he set out to retrace his course to Spain. 



1493] LATER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. 13 

9. On the return voyage, a terrific storm arose. Fear- 
ing shipwreck, Columbus wrote an account of his dis- 
coveries, and sealed it up in a cask, which he threw into 
the sea, hoping that if he and his men were lost it would 
be picked up and made known to the world. But it was 
not God's will that he should perish thus. His shij)s, 
though shattered, brought him safe to port. He landed 
amid the firing of cannon, and hastened to bear the news 
of his success to Ferdinand and Isabella. Thousands 
crowded around him on his journey to court. The 
streets and windows were lined with people, and the 
Indians he had brought with him were looked at with 
as much wonder as if they had come from the moon. 
With no less wonder did they gaze at the strange scenes 
about them. 

10. Remember the date of the discovery of America — 
October 12, 1192. 



LESSON lY. 

LATER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS.— CABOT. 

1. The news of Columbus's discovery threw 
all Europe into excitement. Wonderful stories were told 
about the new land in the west. Many believed that gold 
grew on the trees, and that diamonds were as common 
there as stones in other countries. Those who had before 
laughed at Columbus, now thought that their fortunes 
would be made if they could only get to the land he had 
discovered. " To the west ! To the west ! " was the cry 
of every bold navigator that could fit out a vessel. 

2. Columbus himself made three more voyages to the 
western world. On his third voyage, in 1198, he first 



14 LATER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. [1499 

reached the mainland, near the mouth of the 0-ri-no'eo, 
in South America. 

3. Meanwhile murmurs arose among those he had 
brought out, because they did not find gold so plenty 
as they had expected. The enemies of Columbus, too, 
spread false reports about him in Sj^ain. Moved by these 
stories, and forgetting all he had done, the King and 
Queen unjustly deprived him of his command ; and his 
successor went so far as to send him back to Sj)ain in 
chains. This ingratitude cut Columbus to the heart. He 
carried his chains around with him wherever he went, and 
ordered that when he died they should be buried wdth 
him. Though he proved his innocence, he was never 
restored to his authority. 

4. On his fourth voyagfe^ Columbus, now an old 
man, was wrecked on the coast of Jamaica. He and his 
men were thus left at the mercy of the Indians. The In- 
dians had at first been very friendly ; but during the ab- 
sence of Columbus the Spaniards had beaten them, forced 
them to work, and robbed them of their gold. Such treat- 
ment had awakened a thirst for vengeance. When Co- 
lumbus was wrecked, therefore, they not only left him 
and his men to starve, but even threatened to attack them. 
At this crisis, Columbus saved his party by his knowledge 
of astronomy. 

5. He knew that on a certain night an eclipse of the 
moon would take place. Collecting the natives around 
him shortly before the time, he told them tha the Great 
Spirit was angry because they would not aid the Span- 
iards, and that he would cover his face from them that 
very night. The moon gradually became dark ; and the 
natives, believing that God was thus showing his displeas- 
ure, fell on their knees, promised Columbus abundant 



1506] THE CABOTS. I5 

supplies, and prayed that he would ask the Great Spirit 
to show his face once more. When the eclipse was over, 
they kept their word. With their help, Columbus suc- 
ceeded in getting back to Haiti. 

6. On his return to Spain, Columbus found that his 
friend. Queen Isabella, was dead. There was nobody now 
to do this great man honor. He died in 1506, poor and 
neglected. Even the continent that he discovered, was 
called after another. 

7. Name of the New World.— Among those 
who visited the new world shortly after its discovery, was 
an Italian named Amerigo Yespucci \ah-ma-re' go ves- 
poot'she]. After his return to Europe, he wrote an ac- 
count of his voyage, containing a great many interesting 
but untrue stories. Among other things, he falsely 
claimed to have reached the mainland before Columbus. 
His book was read by many, and believed ; and the new 
world, instead of being named Colutsibia in honor of its 
real disco-s^erer, was called after this Italian, America. 

8. The Cabots. — The hrst navigator that reached 
Korth America was John Cab'ot, who was in the ser\dce 
of King Henry YIL, of England. In 1-I9T, about a year 
before Columbus reached the mainland, Cabot explored 
the coast of Newfoundland. He found a cold and barren 
shore, very different from the pleasant land that Columbus 
had described. 

9. The first turkeys that were ever seen in Europe 
were taken over by Cabot on his return. His son Sebas- 
tian soon after made several voyages to the new world, 
and touched at different points of the coast as far south as 
North CaroHna, taking possession of the country in behalf 
of the King of England. 



16 



BALBOA. 



[1513 



LESSON V. 
BALBOA.— MAGELLAN.— COR TEZ. 




<o^^' 



1. The Pacific Ocean was discovered in 1513, by 
Bal-bo'a, governor of a Spanish settlement on the Isth- 



1513] MA GELLAN. 17 

miis of Darien. Hearing of a vast body of water to the 
south, he raised about two hundred men, and with native 
guides set out to reach it. Balboa and his men wore heavy 
armor, and could hardly make their way through the path- 
less forests, and over rocks and mountains. A fierce tribe 
of Indians opposed their j)i*ogi*ess ; but, defeating these 
with the aid of their fire-arms and blood-hounds, they 
pushed on. Many, however, had to stop by the way from 
sickness and fatigue ; and ^vith less than half of his party 
Balboa found himself ascending the peak from the top of 
which the guides said that the great water could be seen. 

2. When near the top, Balboa ordered his men to halt, 
and climbed alone to the summit. There he saw the 
mighty Pacific rolling away as far as eye could reach. 
His first act was to thank God for the discovery. He 
afterward descended to the shore, and, with his sword in 
one hand and his country's flag in the other, wading out 
knee-deep into the water, took |)ossession of it in the name 
of the King of Spain, and declared that he would defend 
it with his arms. 

3. PacijiG means peaceful. The ocean discovered by 
Balboa received this name on account of its freedom from 
storms compared with the Atlantic. It was so called by 
Ma-geFlan, a Portuguese, who was the first to sail a ship 
on its waters. He entered it through a strait at the south 
of South America, since called from him the Strait of 
Magellan. 

4. Magellan lost his hfe on this voyage. One of his 
ships, however, continued to sail west, rounded the Cape 
of Good Hope, and reached home after an absence of 
three years. This Avas the first vessel that ever sailed 
round the globe. — What did this voyage prove respecting 
the shape of the earth ? 



18 CONQUEST OF MEXICO. [1519 

5. Next followed the conquest of Mexico, in 

1519. Mexico was a vast empire. Its people were far 
more civilized than the natives in other parts of ^N^orth 
America. They had laws and courts of justice, public 
schools, splendid temples, and large cities. They tilled 
the ground, worked their rich mines of gold and silver, 
and were acquainted with many of the arts and sciences. 
Their Emperor lived in a magnihcent palace in the city 
of Mexico. He was waited on by six hundred nobles. 
His dishes and goblets w^ere of gold. He called himself 
lord of the whole world, and made the neighboring tribes 
pay him tribute. The Mexicans did not worship the true 
God, but bowed do^\^l to idols of wood and stone. To 
these false gods they cruelly sacrificed the captives that 
they took in war. 

6. The Spaniards, who were now quite numerous in 
Cuba and the neighboring islands, heard of this rich em- 
pire, and resolved to conquer it. They raised about six 
hundred men, and placed at their head a brave but cruel 
man named Cortez. Sixteen of the party had horses, and 
a few were armed with muskets. The rest carried swords, 
spears, and bows. With this small force and ten cannon, 
Cortez set out to conquer a great empire containing sev- 
eral millions of people. 

Y. As soon as the Mexican Emperor heard that the 
Spaniards had landed, he sent messengers to them with 
rich presents, but with orders that they should leave the 
country. Cortez received the presents, but paid no atten- 
tion to the orders. Having sunk his ships, that his men 
might not think of returning, he pushed into the interior. 

8. Before reaching the capital, several battles were 
fought with immense armies of natives ; but the Span- 
iards were always successful. The poor natives were dis- 



1519] 



CORTEZ. 



19 



raayed by tlie muskets and cannon, breathing forth fire 
and mowing down their ranks. Thej were also fright- 
ened by Cortez' horsemen, whom they took for horrible 
monsters, half men 
and half beasts. 
Horses had never 
before been seen on 
the American con- 
tinent. 

9. After a great 
deal of hard fight- 
ing, in the course of 
which he was once 
driven out of the 
city with great loss, 
Coi-tez at last got 
possession of the 
capital, the Emperor, 
and i\\e principal 
nobles. He treated 

his captives very cruelly. Gold was his great object ; 
and he was wicked enough to stretch the poor Mexicans 
on beds of hot coals, to make them tell where they had 
hidden their treasures. He put a great many to death, 
and subdued the whole nation. From this time Mexico 
remained a Spanish province for about three hundred 
years. 




Mexican Natives in the time of Coktez. 



LESSON VI. 
FRENCH DISCOVERIES,-DE SOTO. 

1. Other countries now began to send out ships 
to the new world, as well as Spain and England. In 



20 FRENCH DISCOVERIES.— DE SOTO. [1524 

1524, a navigator in tlie service of the King of France 
explored the coast from Carolina to Newfoundland. He 
called the whole region New France. Ten years after- 
ward, a Frenchman named Cartier \car-te-a''\ made several 
voyages to America. He entered the Eiver St. Lawrence, 
and sailed np to a large Indian village, which stood where 
Montreal has since been built. The Indians were at first 
very friendly, but he made them enemies by carrying oft 
their chief. 

2. Shortly after this, a number of Frenchmen sailed 
to the new world, and settled on the St. Lawrence Kiver. 
They found it so cold and uniuAdting, however, that after 
passing one winter there they were glad to return. Sev- 
eral other settlements were attempted by the French in 
the south, but without success. 

3. De Soto, — Meanwhile the Spaniards, eager for 
gold, which they heard was plenty in the interior of the 
country, were constantly sending out exploring parties. 
One of the most famous of these was led by a governor 
of Cuba, named De So'to. He landed on the coast of 
Florida, with six hundred men in complete armor. De 
Soto took with him a blacksmith's forge, so that when his 
weapons wore out he could make new ones. That his men 
might not want for food, he drove a great number of hogs 
before him through the woods. Thus prepared, and well 
furnished with horses and supplies, De Soto and his party 
set out on their journey of discovery. 

4. For many months they wandered to and fro, over 
what is now Alabama and Georgia. They met many 
Indians, who would have been friendly if the Spaniards 
had not, like Cortez, treated them cruelly. They were 
disappointed because they could not find any gold, and 
they wreaked their anger on the innocent natives. They 



1541] DEATH OF BE SOTO. 21 

robbed them of whatever they wanted, and for the slight- 
est cause burned their villages, cut off their hands, and 
gave them to their bloodhounds to tear in pieces. 

5. Such treatment provoked the Indians, and at last a 
battle was fought. The Spaniards, with the aid of their 
fire-arms and horses, were victorious, and killed a great 
many of the natives. Some months afterward, the Span- 
iards having seized on the village of a tribe in the north 
of what is now Mississippi, the natives revenged them- 
selves by setting fire to their own wigwams in the night. 
De Soto lost in the flames many horses and hogs, most of 
his baggage, and eleven of his men. 

6. Discovery of the Mississippi. — Continuing 
his march, De Soto in a few days found himself on the 
bank of a mighty river now called the Mississippi. He 
was a proud man, and he would not go back unsuccessful. 
Hearing of gold in the northwest, he crossed the Missis- 
sippi and marched in that direction. Many weary miles 
he travelled. His Indian guides led him into thick woods 
and dangerous swamps. To get rid of him, the tribes he 
visited would tell him wonderful stories about some other 
country a little farther on, where gold was plenty. Thus 
he was kept marching about, only to find himself deceived 
and disappointed. 

7. De Soto's men were now dying around him from 
exposure and fatigue. He saw^ that his hopes of wealth 
and glory were vain, and became disheartened. A fever 
seized him, and he died with little comfort in his last 
hours. His men wrapped his body in a cloak, and, tak- 
ing it out in a boat, sunk it at dead of night in the great 
Mississippi which he had discovered. 

8. After De Soto's death, his men continued their 
wanderings. They first tried to reach Mexico by land, 



22 THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 

and made their waj as far as the prairies of Texas. 
Then, ready to sink, they tm-ned back to the Mississip- 
pi, and resolved to sail down to its month, and thence 
along the coast to some Spanish settlement. Every scrap 
of iron was used in making nails to hold their frail vessels 
together. After undergoing the severest hardships, about 
half of the party succeeded in reaching their countrymen. 
They had spent over four years in their weary wander- 
ings. 



LESSON YII. 

THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 

1. We have said a great deal about the Indians ; it 

is time that we describe them. In the picture opposite 
are shown a number of Indians. The chief is tall and 
straight. Around his neck is a collar ornamented with 
the claws of bears that he has killed. At his back he 
carries his bow, and a quiver full of arrows ; at his side, 
his tomahawk. He wears moccasins on his feet, and deer- 
skin leggings. His head is bare ; he has no hair except a 
single scalp-lock, adorned with feathers. 

2. There were many different tribes of Indians in 
different parts of America; but they looked alike, and 
led the same kind of Hfe. They were all copper-colored, 
and hence have been called Red Men. Their hair was 
black, and very straight and coarse. In the north, they 
clothed themselves with skins ; but in the south, where 
the climate was warmer, they wore little or no covering. 

3. Indian Life. — The Indian spent most of his time 
in the chase. He obtained his food by hunting and fish- 
ing, and raised nothing except a little maize, or Indian 



THEIR MODE OF LIFE. 



23 



corn. This the women were obliged to plant and cul- 
tivate. The warrior thought it beneath him to labor, 




and made his wife, or squaw, as he called her, do all 
the work. She put up their hut, prepared their food, 
crushed the dried maize in a stone mortar, and when 



24 THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 

tliey moved from place to place even carried the bag- 
gage. 

4. When the Indian was out himting, or on the war- 
trail, he slept in the open air, with a fire burning beside 
him to frighten wild beasts awaj. At home he occupied 
a ivigwam, or hut, such as is shown in the engraving. It 
was made by stretching bark or skins over poles stuck in 
the ground. Here you seethe chief taking his ease, while 
his wife is cooking the dinner. The little chief is playing 
with his father's bow. The baby, or jpajMOse, strapped 
up to keep him still, is hanging from a pole of the wig- 
wam. An Indian woman often traveled miles with her 
papoose fastened in this way on her back. The wigwams 
of different tribes were usually built together in villages. 

5. The Indians generally, though cautious and susj)i- 
cious, were friendly and hospitable. They would set before 
a stranger the best they had, and were grieved if he would 
not eat. If any one did them a favor, they would remem- 
ber it for years, and return it when it was in their power. 
An Indian has been known to save the life of a white 
man who had given him food or drink so long before as 
to have forgotten all about it. They remembered injuries 
also, and were unsparing in their revenge. 

6. Indian "Warfare. — The Indians were constantly 
engaged in wars with one another. Arrayed in their war- 
paint, they collected in small parties under distinguished 
chiefs. They carried neither baggage nor provisions. 
Each man depended on the game that he could shoot by 
the way. 

7. Their object was to surprise their enemies, to kill 
as many as possible, and escape unhurt. They never 
fought on an open field. Their movements were made 
as secretly as possible. The chief led the way, and each 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 25 

of the party trod noiselessly in his footsteps. To conceal 
their trail from the enemy, the last of the party wonld 
sometimes cover it with leaves. But it was hard to de- 
ceive an experienced foe in this way. The Indian could 
see and hear at a great distance, and observed little things 
that would escape the notice of a white man. 

8. An enemy killed in battle w^as scalped at once. 
Without this, there was no gloiy in the victory. A dis- 
tinguished chief could point to a dozen dried scalps hang- 
ing at his girdle or in liis wigwam. All prisoners were 
either killed on the spot, or taken home in triumph. 
They were there sometimes adopted by tlie tribe in place 
of warriors that had fallen, but were more generally tor- 
tured. 

9. A common mode of dealing with prisoners was to 
make them "run the gantlet." Two long lines were 
formed, of men, women, and children, anned with clubs. 
The prisoner was j)laced at one end, and obliged to run to 
the other, unless before reaching it he sunk under the 
blows showered upon him as he passed. 

10. They would sometimes fasten their captive to a 
tree, and fling tomahawks at his head, to see how near 
they could come, without striking him. At other times, 
they would tie their ^dctim to a stake, and pile up burn- 
ing branches and fagots around him. They would shoot 
blazing arrows into his flesh, and try to torment him in 
every way they could ; while he, in spite of his sufferings, 
would neither flinch nor groan, but meet his fate bravely, 
singing his war-song, and boasting how many of their rel- 
atives he had slain. 

11. When an Indian warrior died, his knife and toma- 
hawk, bow and arrows, and sometimes his favorite dog, 
were buried with him. They thought that in the other 



26 INDIAN LANGUAGES. [1565 

world lie would need them, as he liad done here. They 
buried the dead in diiferent ways. Some erected a high 
platform, on which they placed the body in a kind of cof- 
fin. Others buried it in a sitting posture, or set it on the 
ground, and built over it a little house of bark. A mother 
would sometimes suspend the body of her dead child from 
the branch of a tree, and sing to it as it waved in the 
breeze. The graves of their fathers they defended with 
the greatest bravery. 

12. The Indians believed that all men would live again 
after death : the bad, in a place of torment ; but the good. 




mmmi I 

mmmmh 
mmiim 




,. A n; — :a 



Indian PicTrKE-WRiTixo. 

This letter was fixed on a pole by a party of Sioux {poo), who, under the 
direction of a United States officer, had gone out to make a treaty with 
some Chippewa hunters, but were disappointed in finding them. The scroll 
was intended to let the Chippewas know that the Sioux had been searching 
for them, and was at once understood by the Chippewas, who came to the 
spot and read it shortly afterward. 

1 represents the United States flag ; 2, the cantonment of the troops ; 
3, the officer under whose auspices the expedition was made ; 4, the leading 
Sioux chief ; 5, the second chief, whose totem, or tribal symbol, was the 
black dog, in command of fourteen lodges (6) ; 7, a third chief, with thir- 
teen lodges, and a bale of goods (8) devoted to the object of the peace ; 9, 
a fourth chief, with thirteen lodges (10). 



1584] THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 27 

in tlie liappj hunting-grounds, where deer, buffaloes, and 
all kinds of game abounded. They did not worship idols, 
like the Mexicans. They believed in a Great Spirit, and 
prayed to him for every thing they wanted. 

13. The Indian Languages contained few words. 
As spoken, they were soft and musical, ^one of them" 
were written, for letters were unknown. Facts, however, 
were recorded by pictures and symbols painted on birch- 
bark or prepared skins, sometimes chiselled on rocks. 
The copy of a bark letter on the opposite page will give 
an idea of Indian picture-writing. 



LESSON YIII. 
THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

1. Founding of St. Augustine and Quebec. 

— Though different parts of the country were explored, 
as we have seen, yet seventy years after the discovery of 
Columbus there was no settlement of white men within 
what is now the United States. The Spanish were the 
first to plant a permanent colony. In 1565, they founded 
St. Augustine [aw'gics-te€n\ in Florida. This place, still 
known by the same name, is the oldest settlement in the 
United States. 

2. Forty years later, a French colony settled in I^s'ova 
Scotia. Soon afterward, a Frenchman named Champlain 
planted a colony of his countrymen in Canada, on the spot 
where Quebec now stands. You remember there is a 
beautiful lake in the State of Isew York, called Cham- 
plain. It received its name from this Frenchman, who 



28 



SIR WALTER RALEIGH'S COLONIES. 



[1584 



discovered it while on an expedition against the Indians. 
The French at this time held the northern j)art of the 
continent, as the Spaniards did the southern. 

3. Raleigh and his Settlement. — Between the 
possessions of the French and the Spanish was a large 
►tract claimed by England. Sir Walter Raleigh, a favorite 

of Queen Elizabeth, un- 
dertook to colonize it. 
He sent out a party in 
two ships, which reached 
the coast of l^orth Caro- 
lina. They found a rich 
and pleasant land, occu- 
pied by a friendly tribe. 
An Indian queen enter- 
tained them on Ro-a- 
noke Island. Persuad- 
ing two natives to accom- 
pany them, they returned 
to England, and gave so 
glowing an account of the country they had visited, that 
the Yirgin Queen, Elizabeth, was delighted, and named 
it in honor of herself, Yieginia. 

4. Raleigh, thus encouraged, sent out a number of 
emigrants. They settled on the pleasant fields of Roa- 
noke Island ; but their governors were imprudent. One 
of them burned an Indian village, because a silver cup 
was stolen from his men. Another fell on a party of 
friendly Indians, thinking them to be enemies, and killed 
several before he found out his mistake. Such acts made 
the natives angry and revengeful. Some of the settlers 
became disheartened, and returned to England. The rest 
were kiUed. 




SiE Waltee Ealekjh. 



1587] 



THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 



29 



5. Still Raleigli was not discouraged. He sent out 
more settlers to Roanoke, who laid out "the citj of 
Raleigh." Their governor went back to England for 
supplies, and was absent two years. On his return to the 
island, there was not a white man to be seen. Whether 
they had been killed 
or carried off by the 
Indians, was never 
found out. 

6. Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh's means were 
now spent, and he 
had to give up his 
attempts to colonize 
Virginia. Though 
he was afterward be- 
headed on a charge 
of treason, he is re- 
garded as one of the 
greatest men of his 
day. The state of 
North Carolina has 
caUed its capital Ra- 
LEiGU in his honor. 

7. Raleigh was 
the first to introduce potatoes into Europe. He planted 
some on his Irish estates. Others obtained seed from 
him, and now potatoes are the chief food of the poor 
in Ireland. He brought over from America another 
thing, which the people of Europe could have done with- 
out, — and that is, tobacco. He learned to smoke it from 
the Indians. One day his servant, who had never seen 
tobacco used, entering his master's room, found him sur- 




The FiEST English Settlements. 



30 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. [1607 

rounded with smoke, and tliinking li^ was on fire dashed 
a mug of ale over him. 

8. Janiestowiie — The first permanent English set- 
tlement was made in 1607, by a party under Captain 
Newport. They were sent out by a company to whom 
Virginia had been granted. Carried by a storm past 
Roanoke Island, where they meant to land, they entered 
a noble river, which they called after their King, the 
James. Some miles above its mouth, they chose a favor- 
able spot, and laid out the city of Jamestown. This region 
belonged to Pow-ha-tan^, a famous Indian chief, the head 
of thirty tribes. Some of the Indians did not like the 
white men's settling here. But Powhatan said, "Let 
them alone. Tliey hurt you not. They only take a 
little waste land." — Look at the map on the preceding 
page. How is Jamestown situated i In what direction 
is it from Roanoke Island ? 

9. Newport soon returned to England. Hardly was 
he gone when the settlers were attacked with sickness. 
At one time only ten were able to stand. In a few weeks 
but half the party were left alive, and they were seized 
with despair. They would no doubt all have perished, 
had they not at this crisis placed Captain John Smith at 
their head. 

10. Smith was a brave and wise man. He soon had 
things in a better state. He made the idle work, and pre- 
vented the timid from sailing away, as they had intended 
to do. He explored the surrounding country, and kept in 
check the natives, w^ho were becoming suspicious and un- 
friendly. 



1607] CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 31 

LESSON IX. 

CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 

1. Captain Smith's early life was full of adven- 
tures. Running away from home in Lis youtli, he helped 
the Dutch fight for their freedom. But he soon became 
tired of this, and one dark night he deserted, and made 
his way to France. Then he went to Egypt. Wherever 
there was anything wonderful to see, he wandered. 

2. On one of his voyages, he acted rudely toward some 
of his fellow- passengers, and they threw him overboard. 
He came near drowning ; but saved himself by swimming 
to a rocky island, w^here he stayed until a passing vessel 
took him off. Next we find him in Hungary, fighting 
the Turks hand to hand, like the knights of old. At 
last, being wounded in a skirmish, he was taken prisoner 
and sold as a slave. 

3. Smith was now^ carried off hundreds of miles into 
a dreary country. He was loaded with chains and treated 
harshly. So he resolved to escape. Seizing his chance, 
he rose against his oppressor, and, mounting a horse, fled 
through pathless forests to Russia. Hence, after some 
further adventures, he made his way back to England, 
in time to join Newport's party. 

4. While out on one of his exploring expeditions in 
Virginia, Smith was suddenly attacked by Indians. He 
had ordered his men to stay by the boat while he went 
out to reconnoitre ; but they wandered off, and were 
killed by the savages. After slaying three of his ene- 
mies. Smith, while trying to escape, sunk in a swamp 
and had to yield. Even then the Indians were afraid 
to touch him till he had thrown away his arms. He 



32 SMITH'S CAPTIVITY, [1608 

would now have lost Lis life, if lie had not understood 
the character of the Indians. Taking his compass out of 
his pocket, he showed tliem how the needle always points 
north, and told them about the shajDC of the earth and the 
heavenly bodies. 

5. To increase the wonder of the savages, Smith told 
them that the next day they would find some articles that 
he named, in a certain place in the forest. He then 
wrote to his countrymen at Jamestown to put the articles 
there. They did so ; and when the Indians, who did not 
understand his writing, saw every thing turn out as he had 
said, they began to look on him as more than man. They 
carried him around to their different villages in triumph, 
and at last brought him to their chief, Powhatan. 

6. Here a solemn council was held, and it was deter- 
mined that Smith should be put to death. An old history 
relates that his head was laid on a large stone, to receive 
the fatal blow. A fierce savage stood beside him, war- 
club in hand. Just as he was about to strike, Po-ca- 
hon'tas, a gentle Indian girl of twelve years, ran forward, 
threw her arms about the prisoner, and with tears be- 
sought the savages to spare his life. She was the daugh- 
ter of Powhatan, and the favorite of the whole tribe. 
Smith had amused her during his captivity, by making 
her toys, and telling her about the wonders of nature. 
She had become fond of the stranger, and now tried to 
save him. 

Y. Moved by the tears of Pocahontas, the Indians 
spared Captain Smith. They even treated him kindly, 
and let him go back to Jamestown with promises of friend- 
ship. Pocahontas continued the firm friend of the Eng- 
lish. She often visited them, bringing baskets of corn to 
relieve their wants. Once, when the Indians had formed 



1608] THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 33 

a plot to surprise and murder all the whites, she came 
through the woods by night at the risk of her own life, 
and warned them to be on their guard. 

8. On his return to Jamestown, Smith found the colo- 
nists reduced to forty men, and these were on the point of 
leaving in despair. lie made them remain, and soon after 
Newport arrived with fresh settlers and supplies. Some 
of the new comers were goldsmiths ; and, seeing some 
glittering sand near the town, they fancied it must be gold 
dust. Newport was foohsh enough to load his vessel with 
this worthless sand, and carry it to England. 



LESSON X. 

THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 

1. Chesapeake Bay explored.— Smith could not 
remain idle. In 1608, he set out on a voyage of discovery 
in an open boat. He explored Chesapeake Bay, and sev- 
eral large rivers that flow into it. He traded with the In- 
dians, and made a map of the whole region he visited. 
Soon after his return, Newport again arrived with more 
settlers. But they were not used to hard work. So they 
did the colony very little good. 

2. Soon after this, Lord Delaware was appointed gov- 
ernor of Yirginia, and nine vessels were sent out with sup- 
plies and men. Most of the ships arrived safely at James- 
town ; but the one that contained the leaders of the party 
was wrecked, and it was months before they reached the 
colony. Meanwhile Smith had hard work to manage af- 
fairs. Those who had arrived last were idle and quarrel- 
some, and said he had no right to order them about. 



34 THE STARVING TIME. [1609 

3. The starving Time. — There was dcanger, too, 
of starving. Powhatan, alarmed by the increasing num- 
bers of the Enghsh, said he had no corn to spare, and 
would neither give nor sell them any. But Smith knew 
better than this. So, taking some large blue beads with 
him, he went to see Powhatan. Showing them as if by 
accident, he told the chief that in his country none but 
kings were allowed to wear such ornaments. When Pow- 
hatan heard this, he gladly gave several hundred bushels 
of corn for a few of the beads. Another time, he gave 
nearly a hundred bushels of corn for a little copper kettle. 
Do you think it was right for Smith to im230se on the sim- 
ple Indian in this way, even to save the lives of his coun- 
trymen ? 

4. In spite of all these difficulties. Captain Smith man- 
aged the colony well, till he was injured by an explosion 
of gunpowder. Then he had to return to England. No 
sooner was he gone than every thing went wrong. The 
colonists would not work any more, but called on the In- 
dians to keep them supplied ^dth corn. The Indians re- 
fused, and plotted together to destroy the whites. Sev- 
eral small parties were cat off. Some of the colonists 
seized a vessel and sailed away. The rest almost died of 
famine. Long was this period remembered as the starv- 
ing time. 

5. The arrival of Lord Delaware himself, with men 
and provisions, alone saved the colony. Under Delaware 
and his successors, Yirginia flourished. Cattle and hogs 
were introduced from Europe. Tobacco was cultivated 
and exported to England. As coin w^as scarce, tobacco 
passed for money. 

6. Thus far very few women had come over to Amer- 
ica. In 1619, to make the colonists attached to their new 



1620] 



THE VIRGINIA COLONY. 



35 



country, the London Company sent over ninety young 
women. These were soon married to the settlers, who 
gave a hundred pounds of tobacco apiece for the expense 
of bringing them over. The next year more were sent 



J ii ||l|i^ii|llh||filiii^^^^^^^^^ ,n lhlili| I'l 'h /^\ 




Marriage of Pocahontas. 



out. There was soon many a pleasant home on the fertile 
fields of Yirginia. 

7. Marriage and Death of Pocahontas. — 

Perhaps you would like to know what became of Poca- 
hontas. This lovely Indian girl, when about eighteen 
years old, was betrayed into the hands of a party of Eng- 
lishmen. They refused to give her up unless Powhatan 



36 THE VIRGINIA COLONY. [1609 

would ransom lier. Instead of doing this, the old chief 
resolved on war. At this crisis, a young planter named 
Rolfe, who had fallen in love with the beautiful Indian, 
oifered her his hand in marriage. She accepted it, gave 
up her former religion, and became a Christian. Pow- 
hatan approved of the marriage, and ever from that time 
remained faithful to the English. 

8. Rolfe afterward took his wife to England. She 
was received with much kindness. Rooms were given 
her in the palace, and the noblest in the land flocked to 
see her. Among others came her old friend, Captain 
Smith, whose life she had saved. All admired her win- 
ning ways. But the climate of England was too cold for 
her. She Avas about returning to Yirginia, when she died, 
leaving an only son. Several Yirginia families trace their 
descent to this Indian princess. 

9. Powhatan sent one of his warriors to England with 
Pocahontas, to see the country and find out how many 
people were there. When they reached England, this In- 
dian got a long stick, thinking he would number the 
inhabitants by making a notch on it for every one he 
saw. He soon had to stop. On his return, Powhatan 
asked him many questions, and among the rest how many 
people he had seen in England. " Count the stars in the 
sky," he rephed, " the leaves on the trees, or the sands on 
the shore, for such is the number of the English." 



1609] BUTCH SETTLEMENTS. 57 

LESSON XI. 
DUTCH SETTLEMENTS.— HEArRY HUDSON. 

1. Discovery of the Hudson. — The next settle- 
ment was made in what is now the state of ]^ew York, 
by the Dutch. This nation traded largely with the East 
Indies. They thought that the voyage thither would be 
much shortened, if a passage could be found from the 
Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific, north of America. So 
they sent out a navigator named llemy Hudson, to dis- 
cover " a northwest passage." 

2. The chief river in I^ew York, you remember, is 
the Hudson. It is so called from this same navigator, 
who discovered it. Striking the coast of Maine, Hudson 
sailed south as far as Yirginia, without finding the passage 
he was in search of. Then turning back and closely ex- 
amining the coast, he discovered an inlet between ]^ew 
Jersey and Long Island. He entered it, and soon found 
himself in what is now the noble harbor of New York. 

3. The island on which the city of New York in part 
stands, is called Manhattan. This is an Indian word, 
meaning the town on the island. When Hudson's ship 
was coming up the bay, some Indians who were fishing 
saw it in the distance, and could not make out what it 
was. They called together their companions from far and 
near, and watched the strange object as it approached. 
Some thought it was a floating wigwam ; others, that it 
was a big fish. At last they concluded that it was a huge 
canoe, containing the Manitou, or Good Spirit, who was 
about to visit them. 

4. A great feast was prepared, and the chiefs engaged 
in a grand dance. At last the ship stopped, a boat was 



38 HENRY HUDSON. [1609 

lowered, and Henry Hudson, dressed in red, entered it 
with a number of his men. [N^ow they were sure the 
Manitou Avas come, and fonned a circle to receive him. 

5. When Hudson reached the land, he saluted the 
natives, and then produced a bottle of liquor. After 
drinking a glass himself, he poured out another, and 
handed it to the nearest chief. Afraid to drink it, the 
Indian only smelled the liquor, and passed it to the next, 
who did the same. Thus the glass passed around the 
whole circle, and was about to be handed back untasted, 
when one of the chiefs, fearing that the Manitou would 
be angry, took it and said he would drinlv it, no matter 
what the consequences might be. 

6. No sooner had he drained the glass than he began 
to stagger, and at last he fell to the ground. His friends 
thought he was dead; but he soon got up again, and 
declared he had never before felt so happy. They were 
all now eager to try the wonderful "fire-water," and it 
ended in all the natives' getting drunk. 

Y. The next day, Hudson distributed some beads, 
stockings, and axe-heads, among his new friends. They 
were delighted with these presents, but did not know how 
to use them. The next time the Dutch visited the spot, 
they saw that the Indians had turned the stockings into 
tobacco-pouches, and strung the heavy axe-heads around 
their necks as ornaments. 

8. Hudson sailed up the river until it became so shal- 
low that he could go no farther. One of his boats as- 
cended beyond where Albany now stands. After hold- 
ing friendly intercourse with several native tribes, he 
sailed down again to the mouth, and thence back to 
Europe, to give an account of his discoveries. The 
next year he made another voyage. Saihng farther 



1610] DUTCH SETTLEMENTS. 39 

north, he discovered Hudson Bay, but lost liis life in 
its icj waters. 

9. New Netlierland. — The Dutch followed up 
Hudson's discovery by sending out trading-vessels to the 
region he had visited. They obtained large quantities of 
beaver-skins and other furs from the Indians, in exchange 
for beads, knives, and hatchets. This was found so profit- 
able that forts were built at different points to protect the 
traders. One of these was erected on Manhattan Island, 
in 1614. A few huts were put up around it, and the 
name of ISTew Amsterdam was given to the settlement. 
Such was the origin of the great city of JS'ew York. 
The whole region was called by the Dutch JN^ew Aether- 
land. 

10. The Dutch were a quiet, honest people. They 
loved to smoke their pipes, and talked no more than they 
could help. They paid the Indians for their land, though 
they made good bargains, and got it very cheap. The 
whole island of Manhattan, now worth millions upon 
milHons, cost them only twenty-four dollars. Wherever 
money was to be made by trafiic with the natives, they 
established posts; and their traders soon spread out on 
Long Island, Staten Island, and JS'ew Jersey. But it was 
not till 1021 that families came over to settle in IN'ew 
]S"etherland. 



LESSON XII. 

THE PILGRIM FATHERS. 

1. Settlement of New England. — Captain John 
Smith, in one of his exploring voyages, visited the coast 
of what is now Maine and Massachusetts. To this north- 



40 THE PILGRIM FATHERS. [1620 

em region lie gave the name of New England. It was 
first permanently settled in 1620, by a party from Eng- 
land, who are often spoken of as the Pilgrim Fathers ; 
they belonged to a religious sect called Puritans, who 
were ill treated in England because they wished to wor- 
ship God in their own way. 

2. A number of Puritan families determined to emi- 
grate to America, that they might enjoy their religion 
unmolested. One hundred j)ersons embarked on a little 
vessel called the Mayflower. They meant to settle near 
the Hudson River ; but a long and stormy voyage brought 
them to the dreary shore of Cape Cod, on the Massachu- 
setts coast. 

3. Parties were sent out to explore the coast. They 
found nothing but some Indian graves and a small heap 
of com. The ground was covered with snow, and many 
took violent colds, from which they afterward died. A 
boat was then dispatched with some of the leading men, 
to sail along the coast and find a good place for landing. 

4. Bitterly cold the little party foimd it. The spray 
froze on their coats, and made them as stiff and bright as 
if they had been of steel. Once, when they had landed, 
some Indians came near, and raising a terrible war-whoop 
discharged a volley of arrows at them ; but the sound of 
the pilgrims' muskets soon put the savages to flight. Re- 
suming their voyage, they were overtaken by a violent 
storm and almost wrecked. They found shelter, however, 
on an island. There was a good harbor in the mainland 
near by ; and, as the country seemed to be more fertile 
than any they had before seen, they determined to land 
there, and send for their companions on the Mayflower. 

5. The landing of the Pilgrims took place on 
the 21st of December, 1620. The day is still kept by the 



1620] SICKNESS AND DEATH. 41 

people of New England. Tliej gave the name of Plym- 
outh to the place they founded. It is on the eastern 
coast of Massachusetts. Here you have a picture of the 
beautiful stone canopy now standing over Plymouth 
Rock. 




6. The Pilgrims at once commenced building huts. 
But they had been exposed so much that many were taken 
ill. Six of their number died in December, and at one 
time almost every person in the settlement was stretched 
on a sick-bed. Yet they kept stout hearts, and put their 
trust in God. 

7. The houses of the Pilgrims were built of rough 
logs. They had nothing but long grass mth which to 
cover their roofs. One night in January, two of the party, 
Brown and Goodman, went out into the woods to gather 
some of tliis grass. On their return, they lost their way. 
Night was near at hand, and, to add to their trouble, a 
heavy snow-storm set in. 



42 THE PLYMOUTH COLONY. [1621 

8. After trying in vain to find tlieir way back, tliey 
sat down under the shelter of a large rock, and prepared 
to s]Dend the night there. But before long the wind com- 
menced howling among the branches, and in their fright 
they fancied it was the roaring of a lion. They knew not 
that there were no lions in America, and so they climbed 
a tree for safety. But there they were exposed to the cold 
wind, which pierced their clothes and made them shiver. 
Finding that they would freeze unless they kej)t in mo- 
tion, they came down from the tree and walked round and 
round it as fast as they could till daylight. 

9. Glad were the two wanderers wlien morning ap- 
peared. They lost no time in pursuing their way, and, 
after walking fast or running all day, they succeeded in 
reaching Plymouth in the evening. Their companions, 
having searched for them without success, had given them 
up for lost, and supposed that they had been killed or car- 
ried off by Indians. Long did BroY>m and Goodman re- 
member the roaring of the lion and that freezing night in 
the woods. 



LESSON XIII. 
THE PLYMOUTH COLONY. 

1. The winter was gloomy enough for tlie Pilgrims. 
They suffered much from hardship and sickness. By 
April half their number had died. But the weatlier now 
grew mild. Birds began to appear. The fields became 
green. The sick soon got better. 

2. Welcomed by the Natives. — The country 
around Plymouth, though deserted when the Pilgrims 
settled there, showed signs of having been inhabited be- 



1621] VISIT OF SAMOSET. 43 

fore. Smoke was seen afar off several times tlirough the 
winter, and parties were sent out to find the Indians from 
whose fires it came, and open a friendly intercourse with 
them. Thej did not succeed ; but early in the spring 
a single Indian entered the town. The settlers were sur- 
prised, as he approached, to hear him say, "Welcome, 
Englishmen ! " He had learned a little English from pre- 
vious voyagers. 

3. The name of this Indian was Sam'o-set. He told 
the white men that he belonged to a tribe that lived about 
five days' journey off. That they were welcome to the 
land where they had settled, for there was no one else to 
claim it. That, several years before, the Indians wlio had 
lived there had been swept off by a pestilence. About 
this pestilence a curious story is told. 

4. It seems that, a few years before the Pilgrims laud- 
ed, a French ship went ashore on Cape Cod, and the In- 
dians cruelly put to death nearly all on board of her. 
One of the Frenchmen, who was spared, remained some 
time with the Indians as a captive. One day he told them 
that the Great Spirit would punish them for having killed 
his countrymen, and would give their land to others. But 
they laughed at him, and asked whether he supposed that 
his Great Spirit could destroy so powerful a tribe as theirs. 
He replied that, if God wanted to destroy them. He 
would easily find a way. Soon after this a fatal disease 
broke out, which swept off nearly the whole tribe. The 
few that remained were killed by a hostile nation. This 
was the reason why the Pilgrims had seen so many graves, 
but no living Indians. 

5. Treaty with the Indians. — The Pilgrims 
treated Samoset kindly, and soon after his chief, Mas-sa- 
soit', came to pay them a visit. They received Massasoit 



44 THE PLYMOUTH COLONY. [1621 

with great respect. They presented him two knives and 
a copper chain, and gave his l^rother a pot of " strong 
water," and some biscuits and butter. A treaty was made, 
and Massasoit and his tribe always remained faithful 
.friends of the white men. 

6. Two of the Pilgrims soon afterward returned Mas- 
sasoit's visit. They found the chief very sick, and his 
medicine-men trying to cure him with hideous noises and 
foolish dances. Turning them out of the wigwam, one of 
the Englishmen gave the chief some simple remedy, and 
restored him to health. He never forgot this kindness. 

7. All the Indians, however, were not so friendly. A 
tribe that was at war with Massasoit, sent to the Pilgrims 
a bundle of arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake's skin. This 
was their way of declaring war. The Puritan governor 
sent back the skin filled with powder and balls. The In- 
dians thought the bullets were charms, and were so fright- 
ened that they concluded to let the white men alone. The 
Pilgrims, however, expecting an attack, put up a row of 
stakes, or palisades, as they were called, around their set- 
tlement. 

8. For some time the Pilgrims continued to suffer, 
especicilly from hunger. They could not raise enough to 
support them. There were fish in the bay, but they had 
no boats or nets wdth which to take them. Even two 
years after their arrival, they often went to bed at niglit 
without a bit of food for the morning. If a few of their 
old friends joined them, a lobster or a piece of fish, with- 
out any bread or anything else but a cup of water, was all 
they had to offer them. 

9. But in three or four years things were better. 
Each settler had his own tract of land. They worked 
hard, and corn was raised in abundance. More of their 



1630] 



3IASSACHUSETT8 BAY COLONY. 



45 



own faith came over from England. In 1630, their num- 
ber had increased to three hundred. From this time, the 
colony iiom'ished. 



LESSON XIY. 
OTHER NEW ENGLAND COLONIES. 

1. Massachusetts 

Bay. — In 1030, a large 
company of English 
Puritans, haying ob- 
tained a grant of land 
on Massachusetts Bay, 
noi-thwest of Plym- 
outh, came 
across and 
founded Cam- 
bridge, Bos- 
ton, and other 
places. They 
formed what 
was called the 
Massachusetts 
Bay Colony. 
Though these 
settlers, hke 
the rest, suf- 
fered much at first from cold and hunger, they soon 
began to prosper. Mills were built, and trade com- 
menced with the other colonies. Boston is now, you re- 
member, the capital of Massachusetts, and the largest city 




EaBLT SbTTLEMENTS in EaSTEBN MASPACHtrSETTS. 



46 ^^W ENGLAND COLONIES. [1636 

in ^ew England. On the preceding page is a map of the 
eastern part of Massachusetts. See if you can find Cape 
Cod — Plymouth — Boston — Salem. 

2. Rhode Island. — The people of Salem had a 
young preacher named Koger Williams. His belief was 
somewhat different from that of the other Puritan minis- 
ters ; but he claimed that he had a right to worship in his 
o^\n way, and preach what he thought was the Bible 
truth. This, however, the people of Massachusetts Bay 
would not tolerate ; and so they determined to send him 
back to England. 

3. Hearing of their intentions, Poger Williams fled 
from Salem into the wilderness. He resolved to find 
some place where he could enjoy that freedom which 
the Puritans denied him. More than three months he 
wandered amid snow and rain, w^ithout either bread or 
bed. At last he reached some Indian wigwams, where he 
was kindly received. He bought of the Indians a tract on 
Narragansett Bay, and commenced a settlement. Grateful 
for God's mercy, he called this place Providence. Point 
out Providence, the first settlement in Khode Island, on 
the map, page 47. 

4. There is a beautiful island in J^arragansett Bay, 
which the Indians called the Isle of Peace. Soon after 
Providence was founded, another party that had diffi- 
culties with the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay, bought 
this island of the Indians, and settled on it. They called 
it the Isle of Rhodes. Near its southern shore the city of 
Newport, now one of the capitals of Rhode Island, was 
founded. 

5. New Haini)sliire. — Settlements were made in 
what is now the state of New Hampshire, as early as 1623. 
A number of trading and fishing posts were afterward es- 



1633] 



SETTLEMENT OF CONNECTICUT. 



47 



tablished there. These settlements, at their own request, 
Avere received into the Massachusetts Bay Colony. But, 
after about forty years, they were formed into a separate 
province by the King of Great Britain, under the name 
of Kew Hampshire. 

6. Connecticut. — The Connecticut (or Long Kiver, 
as the name means in the Indian language) was discovered 
by the Dutch of New Amsterdam. They built a fort 
where Hartford now stands, and opened a prohtable trade 




Early Settlements in Connecticut. 

with the Indians. But after a time the people of Plym- 
outh and Massachusetts Bay heard of this long river, whose 
waters were filled with fish, and whose banks abounded 
in beaver and otter. One day in the year 1633, the 
traders at the Dutch fort were surprised to see a little 
vessel come sailing up the river. They wanted to keep 
this pleasant country to themselves. So, loading a can- 
non, they hailed the vessel, and told the captain to stop, 
or they would fire on him. 



48 CONNECTICUT. [1635 

Y. The little vessel belonged to Captain WilKam 
Holmes. lie liad come from Plymouth to settle in 
the valley of the Connecticut, and brought with him 
the frame of a house to put up where he should land. 
He was not afraid of the Dutch or their cannon. So, 
since the wind was fair, he took no notice of their threats, 
but kept on his way. He passed the fort in safety, and 
settled a few miles higher up, at a place now called 
Windsor. Do you see it on the map 1 

8. It did not take long for reports concerning the fair 
valley of the Connecticut to reach England. A great lord 
obtained a grant of it, and a party of settlers was sent over. 
They built a fort at the mouth of the river, and called it 
Saybrook. 



LESSON XV. 
CONNECTICUT.— THE PEQUOD WAR. 

1. Emigrants from Massachusetts. — Connecti- 
cut, as we learned in the last lesson, was first permanently 
settled at Windsor, by Captain Holmes. Two years after- 
ward, a party from Massachusetts Bay determined to set- 
tle there. They went over land, driving their cattle 
before them, through woods that neither cattle nor white 
men had ever before traversed. But they started too late. 
The river was frozen before they arrived. Their cattle 
perished, and they suffered much through the winter 
from want of food. 

2. The next summer, another party of about one hun- 
dred men, women, and children, set out from Boston for 
the valley of the Connecticut. They lived mostly on the 
milk of their cows, which they took mth them. Moving 



1636] TROUBLES WITH THE INDIAN S. 49 

slowly along, tliej were nearly a fortnight in completing 
a journey wliicli can now be made by railroad in three or 
four hours. They arrived safely, and founded Ilai-tford 
and Wethersiield. — Find these places on the map, p. 47. 

3. War with the Pequods, — Connecticut was 
inhabited by many powerful tribes of Indians. Among 
these Avere the Pequods, who lived in what is now the 
southeastern part of the state, near the mouth of the 
Thames [tdmz] Eiver. When the Pequods saw the white 
men spreading over their pleasant hunting-grounds, they 
were filled with jealousy and alarm ; and the whites, see- 
ing how the Indians felt, distrusted them in turn. Up to 
this time, there had been peace between the whites and 
Indians ; but this suspicion soon produced war. 

4. One day, a trader, sailing off the coast, saw a boat 
which he knew belonged to one of the settlers named 
Oldham. It was full of Indians, and he suspected there 
was something Avrong. So, although he had only two boys 
with him, he made for the boat. The Indians were 
frightened when they saw him, and as he apj^roached 
they jumped over into the water. The trader went on 
board, and under a hshing-net he found Oldham's body, 
all mangled and bleeding. 

5. The people of IN'ew England determined to punish 
the murderers. A body of men started for the Pequod 
villages. The Indians had fled, but there were their wig- 
wams and cornfields. Setting fire to these, the settlers 
laid waste the country far and wide. This roused the 
Pequods to a bloody revenge. Dividing into small par- 
ties, they surrounded solitary houses, cut off travelers, 
shot down the men as they w^orked in the fields, and 
scalped women and children at their own firesides. They 
spared none. 



50 THE PEQUOD WAR. [1636 

6. Resolving to cut off all the English settlers, the 
Peqnods tried to induce another tribe, the Narragansetts, 
to join them. When the people of Boston heard of this, 
they were greatly frightened. Knowing that Roger Will- 
iams, whom they had driven out shortly before, was much 
beloved by the IS^arragansetts, they sent to him, begging 
him to dissuade his friends fi'om joining the Pequods. 
This good man, on receiving their message, set out alone 
in his canoe, in a violent storm, for the Narragansett vil- 
lage. He found the Pequod chiefs already there ; but he 
pleaded so earnestly, that after wavering several days, the 
Narragansetts refused to join the Pequods, and declared 
themselves friends of the English. 

T. The settlers now sent a body of men against the 
Pequods. Reaching one of their forts just befc^re sunrise, 
they surprised its inmates, and set lire to their wigwams. 
They then formed a ring around the wigwams, and, as the 
flames drove the Indians out, shot them down without 
mercy. Six hundred Pequods perished in an hour. The 
next morning, the rest of the tribe, who had been at an- 
other fort, came in sight and renewed the battle. They 
fought bravely, but w^ere defeated by the English. The 
few that survived were pursued from place to place, and 
tlie whole tribe was destroyed. 

8. In 1638, the year after the Pequod War, New 
Haven was founded, as a distinct colony, by a company 
of Puritans from England. The new colonists adopted 
the Bible as their only rule of public action. 

9. The Kew England colonies grew and flourished. 
In 1(343, they contained over fifty villages. Threatened 
at this time by the Indians, and also by the Dutch and 
French, they thought it best to combine for their mutual 
protection in case of war. Accordingly, Plymouth, Mas- 



1643] MARYLAND. 51 

sacliiisetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven, formed an 
alliance under the name of " The United Colonies of Kew 
England." This league lasted fortj years, and was of 
great benefit to all. 



LESSON XVI. 



MARYLAND.— DELAWARE.— A^EW JERSEY. 

1. Maryland, — The next colony founded was Mary- 
land. The region now so called was granted by the Kino- 
of England to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore. Calvert 
desired to establish a colony where all might enjoy civil 
and religious freedom. His charter provided that the 
English government should not tax the colony or interfere 
with its affairs. The tract thus granted was called Mary- 
land in honor of Henrietta Maria, the Queen of England. 

2. Lord Baltimore died before he could j)lant his colo- 
ny ; but his son, Cecil Calvert, succeeded to the grant. 
In 1634, he sent over from England two hundred emi- 
grants. They sailed up the Potomac Eiver, which sepa- 
rates Maryland from Virginia, bought some land from the 
natives, and built a little village. They gave the Indians 
knives, hoes, and axes ; and the Indian women in return 
taught them how to make corn-bread and johnny-cake. 

3. The settlers of Maryland did not suffer, like those 
who founded the other colonies. They arrived at a favor- 
able season, and were helped by the people of Virginia. 
They were free and happy, and numbers joined them 
from England. Their only trouble was caused by a man 
named Claybome, who, before their arrival, had estab- 
lished a trading-post within their boundaries. He stirred 



52 



DELA WARE. 



[1634 



up several rebellions, but was at last put down. Balti- 
more, the largest city in Maryland, was named after the 
founder of this colony. 




Makyland and New Sweden. 



4. Delaware. — 

Delaware was next 
founded, in 1638, 
by a company of 
Swedes and Finns. 
The Swedes are the 
inhabitants of Swed- 
en, and the Finns of 
Finland, — two coun- 
tries in the north of Europe. Though these nations had 
made no discoveries in the new world, they wanted to 
have a colony there, and fitted out a party of emigrants. 
Landing on the shore of Delaware Bay, the Swedes 
bought a tract from the Indians, and gave it the name 
of New Sweden. They erected several forts, and were 
soon joined by more of their countrymen. 

6. Several years before the Swedes arrived, a party of 
Dutch from New Netherland had settled in this region. 
They had been cut off by the Indians ; yet now, when 
the Dutch saw strangers taking possession, they claimed 
the coimtry on the ground that they had been the first to 
occupy it. A quarrel thus arose, which resulted (in 1655) 



1638] 



CONQUEST OF NEW NETHERLAND. 



53 



in the conquest of New Sweden bj the Dutch. The name 
was afterward changed to Delaware. 

6. Conquest of New Netherland I>y the Eng- 
lish. — The Dutch of New Netherland had gone on trad- 
ing and prospering, though for a time they suffered much 
from a war with the Indians, provoked by the cruelty of 
one of their governors. Soon after this, Stuyvesant [sW- 
ve-sant], a gallant old soldier who had lost a leg in the 
wars, became governor. It was under him that New 
Sweden was conquered. 




Dutch Cottage in New York, in Eakly Colonial Times. 

7. While Stuyvesant was governor, the King of Eng- 
land granted the whole tract occupied by the Dutch to 
his brother, the Duke of York. Of course it was not his 



54 . ^^^W YORK.— NEW JERSEY. [1664 

to grant, but lie did not mind that. A powerful fleet was 
sent out to take possession. When the English arrived 
off ]N^ew Amsterdam, thej summoned Stuyvesant to sur- 
render. But he boldly tore their letter to pieces, and, 
taldng his station on the battery, prepared to fire on them 
as they approached. 

8. Upon this, the people of Kew Amsterdam told 
Stuyvesant that if he fought the English he would have 
to do it alone. He had kept them down too much. So 
now they thought they would be just as well off under 
the English as they had ever been, and they refused to 
stand by their old governor. Brave as he was, therefore, 
he had to surrender. All the Dutch possessions, includ- 
ing what had been IS'ew Sweden, thus passed without the 
firing of a shot into the hands of the English. 

9. This took place in 1664. The English were now 
masters of the whole Atlantic coast from Maine to Flori- 
da. In honor of the Duke of York, both the settlement 
of New Amsterdam and the whole colony of New Neth- 
erland, after their conquest by the English, were called 
New York. 

10. New Jersey- — We have already seen that some 
of the Dutch traders had spread out west of the Hudson, 
and founded several villages. When the Duke of York 
gained possession of his grant, he gave this part of it to 
two of his friends, who called it New Jersey. They prom- 
ised an unusual degree of freedom to all who would settle 
there, and the consequence was that New Jersey became 
rapidly peopled. 



1675] KING PHILIP'S WAR. 55 

LESSON XYII. 
KING PHILIP'S WAR. 

1. King Philip. — For some years after the Pequod 
War, the J^ew England colonies had no trouble with the 
Indians. But in 1675 King Philip's War broke out, 
which at first threatened to sweep off every white settler 
in Massachusetts. Phihp was the son of Massasoit, who 
had been the friend of the English. He was the chief of 
the Wainpa-no^ags, who lived in what is now the state of 
Phode Island, east of Narragansett Bay. Find their coun- 
try on the map, page 45. The ]^arragansetts, you will 
see, lived on the opposite side of the bay. 

2. The whites had now spread out very much. The 
Indians, seeing what had once been their hunting-grounds 
covered with thriving villages, feared that they would 
be driven out altogether from the land of their fathers. 
So they prepared to defend themselves ; and, when a 
friendly Indian revealed their plans to the people of 
Plymouth, they murdered him. Three of the Wampa- 
noags were tried for this crime by the Puritans, found 
guilty, and hanged. 

3. Beginning of Hostilities. — Phihp knew the 
power of the English, and had tried to avoid war ; but he 
could now restrain his followers no longer. Dividing 
into parties of twenty or thirty, they fell upon the fron- 
tier villages and farm-houses of Massachusetts, burned 
them to the ground, killed their occupants, and were off 
to the forest before any aid could arrive. Eying in 
ambush for the parties sent out against them, they cut 
off the flower of the settlements, and spread terror every- 
where. 



56 KING PHILIP'S WAR. [1675 

4. A few days after the war commenced, Captain 
Clmrcli with thirtj-six men was attacked on the sea- 
shore by three hundred Indians. They took their posts 
behind some rocks, and defended themselves for six 
honrs. At last, as night was setting in, their ammuni- 
tion gave out. It would have fared badly with the bold 
Puritans, if a sloop had not just at this time come up and 
taken them off. Captain Church esca|)ed, though a bullet 
passed through his hair. 

5. Meanwhile Philip, who threw himseK into the war 
with all his powers, had gone among the neighboring 
tribes, and persuaded them to join him. In a few 
months he found himself at the head of three thousand 
men. With these, when cold weather set in, he repaired 
to a large swamp in the country of his allies, the J^arra- 
gansetts, and, building a fort, prepared to winter there. 
Now was the time for the English. A thousand men were 
sent in December against King Philij). They found the 
Indian fort on an island in the swamp. The only way to 
reacli it was by crossing a tree which at one point had 
been tlirown across the deep stagnant water. 

6. The Swamp Fight. — Several times the English 
tried to get across, but were driven back with loss. At 
last they succeeded in entering the fort. It contained 
five hundred wigwams, which were soon in flames. The 
Indians, though they fought bravely, were totally defeated. 
Numbers of them were killed ; but Philip and Ca-non'chet, 
the Narragansett chief, got away in safety. Hard indeed 
was the lot of those who escaped. Without shelter and 
almost without food, they were exposed to the fierce 
storms of a severe winter. 

7. Three or four months after " the Swamp Fight," 
Canonchet was captured. Still he was as proud as ever. 



1676] FALL OF KING PHILIP. 57 

When a young soldier asked liim some questions, he 
replied, " Child, you do not understand war. Let your 
chief come ; I will answer him." They offered him his 
life, if he would persuade the Indians to make peace; 
but he refused with scorn. He was then sentenced, to be 
shot. 

8. Philip, meanwhile, rested not, burning towns, and 
torturing his prisoners. His men, however, suffered much 
from hunger, sometimes having nothing to eat but the 
clams on the sea shore, w^hich they had to go miles to 
obtain. Many of them now fell off, and others were 
killed or captured by Captain Church, who had taken the 
field. Among those made prisoners were the wife and son 
of Philip. This broke Philip's heart. Deserted by all but 
a few faithful followers, hunted down by the English, he 
could only die like an Indian warrior. 

9. King Philip's War ended. — With his few 
remaining men, Philip now took refuge in a swamp near 
the head of IN^arragansett Bay. (See map, p. 45.) Here 
Captain Church surrounded him. A party of English, 
penetrating the swamp, reached the Indian cam]^ at sun- 
rise. In trying to escape, Philip approached a tree be- 
hind which an Englishman and an Indian deserter were 
stationed. The Englishman aimed at him, but the dew 
had wet his powder, and his gun missed fire. The 
Indian deserter then shot his former chief through the 
heart. 

10. Thus perished tliis great chief, and with his fall 
the war ceased. Six hundred of the best men of New 
England had been slain ; six hundred houses had been 
burned by the savages. The Indians had suffered still 
more. Two whole tribes were des-troyed. For some 
years after this, I^ew England enjoyed peace. 



58 VIRGINIA. [1644 



LESSON XVIII. 

VIRGINIA.— INDIAN TROUBLES.— BACON'S RE- 
BELLION. 

1. We must now return to Virginia. When Pow- 
hatan died, his brother succeeded him. He soon became 
an enemy to the Enghsh, — and not without reason ; for 
some of the settlers treated the Indians very ill, driving 
them from their own wigwams and robbing them of their 
corn. The Indians resolved on vengeance. They pre- 
tended to be fonder than ever of the English, and brought 
them presents of game. But all at once, on an appointed 
day, they fell on every settlement in the colony with war- 
whoop and tomahawk. 

2. The night before, a friendly Indian had disclosed 
the plot to the people of Jamestown, and here the savages 
were driven back ; but everywhere else tliey were success- 
ful. The settlers were taken off their guard ; their houses 
and barns were burned. A bloody war thus arose. JN'o 
one could till the fields. Food became scarce ; and, 
though the Indians were at last put down, it was long 
before the colony recovered from the effects of the 
massacre. 

3. In 1644, the same crafty chief, the brother of Pow- 
hatan, got up another plot among his people for murder- 
ing the Virginian s. He was now over a hundred years 
old, but as cunning as ever. He laid his plans so well 
that the settlers were surprised, and several hundred 
killed. A party, however, was sent out against the 
Indians, and the old chief himself was captured. He 
was brought a prisoner to Jamestown, and there cruelly 
shot by the sentinel who was guarding him. 



1676] BACON'S REBELLION. 59 

4. At this time Berkeley was governor of Virginia. 
At first he was much liked ; but, when the ]3eople found 
that he kept them down and taxed them to enrich him- 
self, they turned against him. One of the chief things 
thev complained of, was that he would not take measures 
to protect them from the natives. He made money by 
selling licences to trade with the Indians, and was un- 
willing to provoke a war, for that would interfere with 
his profits. 

5. Bacon's Rebellion. — About thirty years after 
the fall of Powhatan's brother, as related above, the 
Indians again became troublesome. Again they had 
been provoked by cruelty on the part of the w^hites. 
In vain the people begged Governor Berkeley to send 
out a force to protect the frontier. There was at this 
time in the colony a brave and talented young man 
named Bacon, who had lately come over from England. 
Urged by his friends, and hearing of several murders 
committed by the Indians on his own plantation, he 
raised a body of men, pursued the savages, and defeated 
them. 

6. Bacon did this without the governor's permission, 
and Berkeley, choosing to regard the act as treason, raised 
a force and marched against him. A great part of the 
year 1676 was spent in a struggle between Bacon and the 
governor. At last Bacon obtained a decided advantage. 
Berkeley was driven from Jamestown ; and, to prevent it 
from falling again into his hands, it was burned to the 
ground. 

7. In the midst of his success. Bacon died. Berkeley 
at once resumed the chief power. Those who had taken 
part in " Bacon's Eebellion," as it was called, were 
persecuted without mercy. Over twenty persons were 



60 



VIRGINIA. 



[1676 



put to death. Tlie people were oppressed more than 
ever, and rejoiced when at last the tyrant sailed for 





he wa. treated 7lV?lf^i*>^^W*v1< 



England. There \:i(^l;' k^g^/^Z-'^^'' **'■■" 



with the con- 
tempt he deserved, and he soon died of mortification. 
8. The people of Virginia did not gain much by a 



1676] OLD VIRGINIA LIFE. 61 

change of governors. For some years tliej were ruled by 
men wlio tried to extort from them all they could. They 
struggled bravely for their rights, but for a time without 
success. 

9. Jamestown was never rebuilt. There were, at this 
time, no other towns in Virginia ; for the colony was di- 
vided into large plantations, on which corn and tobacco 
were raised. Journeys were made in boats or on horse- 
back. The roads were mere bridle-paths through the for- 
ests. When the traveller came to a stream, he had to 
swim his horse over it, for there were neither ferries nor 
bridges. The houses were mostly of logs, and one story 
high. The windows were closed with shutters, for want 
of glass. There were no newspapers, and few if any 
schools. IIow things have changed witliin two hundred 
years ! 

10. In the engraving you Gee illustrated old English 
Kfe in Jamestown and life in an Indian village of Yir- 
ginia. Look at the odd costumes of the English men and 
women, so different from ours ; the low houses ; and the 
great round masses* of tobacco, with sticks of wood thrust 
through them, dragged about the streets like huge rollers. 
The Indian village is protected by palisades from the sud- 
den attack of an enemy ; the dwellings are of frame-work, 
designed to be covered with mats which can be raised and 
lowered at pleasure ; maize and tobacco are grown ; in the 
little thatched cottage, erected in the corn-field, sits a 
watcher to frighten off the birds with his cries. 



63 CAROLINA. [1653 

LESSON XIX. 

CAROLINA.— PENXSYL VANIA, 

1. North Carolina, — In 1653, some planters from 
Virginia, mvited by the line soil and pleasant climate, 
moved toward the south, and settled in what is now !North 
Carolina. Ten years afterward, the King of England 
granted the country from Virginia to Florida to several 
of his favorites. They drew up a plan for a great empire. 
A few lords were to have all the power, while the people 
were to do the work. This did not suit the free and 
hardy settlers. They insisted on their rights, and the 
great lords had to yield. 

2. South Carolina. — The first settlement in South 
Carolina was made in 1670 by emigrants from England. 
In 1672, Charleston, now the largest city in the state, was 
founded. The country was so delightful that emigrants 
w^ere attracted to it in great numbers from Scotland, Ire- 
land, and France. The plan that had been drawn up for 
exalting a few lords at the expense of ' the people, would 
not answer here any more than in North Carolina, and 
was soon laid aside. 

3. For a time the people of both North and South 
Carolina had some trouble with their governors. These 
governors, for the most part, neither knew nor cared what 
was for the good of the colonists, but tried to extort from 
them all the money they could. The people, however, 
would not submit. After a long struggle, they succeeded 
in establishing their rights. Both colonies w^ere then 
happy and prosperous. 

4. Rice and cotton are now among the chief produc- 
tions of South Carolina. Eice came from some seed 



1681] WILLIAM PENK 63 

wliicli was brought from Madagascar, an island on the 
coast of Africa. Cotton was raised near Jamestown, soon 
after it was founded ; but the tobacco crop proved to be 
more profitable, and it was not till about ITOO that much 
attention was paid to cotton. 

5. Pennsylvania. — The Swedes who settled Dela- 
ware spread out toward the north, and had some thriving 
plantations within the limits of what is now called Penn- 
sylvania. They were conquered by the Dutch, you re- 
member ; and the Dutch, in turn, yielded to the English. 
After remaining for a time under the government of 
New York, the region west of the Delaware was trans- 
ferred to William Penn, and called Pennsylvania. 

6. William Penn was a quaker. The Quakers 
were a pure, good people, — but in some things peculiar. 
They wore broad-brimmed hats, which they would not 
take off before lord, or judge, or even the King himself. 
They called no man Mister. They would not address the 
King as Your Majesty, but called him Friend Charles or 
Friend James, as the case might be. They thought war 
was wrong, and wished to live in peace and love with all 
men. 

7. The Quakers were cruelly persecuted in England. 
William Penn himself had been thrown into prison, and 
suffered much on account of his opinions. He thought 
it would be a great thing to establish a colony where the 
Quakers could be free and happy. E'ow, the King had 
owed his father, who was a famous admiral, a large sum 
of money ; and Penn, in payment of the debt, obtained a 
grant of land in the new world, as mentioned above. 

8. Penn, with a large company of Quakers, reached 
the shore of America in 1682. The next year, he laid 
out on the Delaware the fine city of Philadelphia, now 



64 PENN'S SETTLEMENT. [1683 

the second in size in the Union. Penn treated all men 
honestly. He bought his land of the Swedes and Indians. 
Calling the Indians together under a great elm, he made 
them presents, assured them of his love, and asked their 
friendship in return. The Red Men met him kindly. 
They promised to live in peace with him and his children 
as long as sun and moon should endure. 

9. The Indians kept their word. For seventy years, 
Pennsylvania had no trouble with the natives. The peo- 
ple enjoyed a free government, and numbers flocked there 
from other parts of the new world and from Europe. In 
three years Philadelphia grew more than I^ew York had 
done in fifty years. But Penn did not profit by its pros- 
perity. He was unjustly deprived of his rights in the 
colony, and died in poverty. 



LESSON XX. 

INDIAN MISSIONS.— FRENCH EXPLORERS. 

1. Puritan Life. — The Puritans were moral and 
industrious, but stern and formal. They cropped their 
hair close to their heads, and were opposed to wigs and 
veils. They thought it wicked for women to wear lace, 
silk hoods, or flowing sleeves. They observed the Sab- 
bath strictly, and commenced it on Saturday evening. 
They liked very long prayers and sermons, and punished 
those who stayed away from church. With the help of 
the picture, you may look into the parlor and kitchen of a 
well-to-do ]^ew England family of this time. The houses 
were comfortably furnished. The windows w^ere glazed 
with small panes, and the sills low enough to form ]3leas- 



1650] 



PURITAN LIFE. 



65 




ant seats. 
About the 
walls hung 
portraits or 
prints, and 
from the 

low ceiling was often suspended an ostrich Qgg. A quaint 
side-board with its cut glass and old silver; straight- 
backed chairs ; four-post bedsteads, draped with curtains ; 
higli-backed settles, to keep oS. the wind whistling 
through the crannies; open fire-places, with andirons, 
shovel, tongs, and bellows, — were the style. Describe 
what is sho^vn in the kitchen, used also as the family 
sitting-room. 

2. The Puritans had fled from England to escape 



66 INDIAN MISSIONS. [1646 

persecution. Yet, wlien they got the power in the new 
world, thej persecuted others. The colony of Massachu- 
setts Bay, you remember, drove out Eoger Williams. 
They treated Quakers still worse, fining and whipping 
such as were found within the limits of the colony. At 
last, they even put several Quakers to death. How could 
they think that such cmelty was pleasing to God ? 

3. Missions among the Intlians. — Toward the 
Indians the Puritans showed a better S23irit. John Eliot 
and other good men went among them, and tried to make 
them Christians. Eliot translated the Bible into their 
language, and opened a school for Indian youth. He 
taught the women to spin, and the men to dig. His 
kindness won their hearts, and many of the natives in 
Eastern Massachusetts received the truths he taught. 

4. The Puritans w^ere not alone in trying to convert 
the Indians. We learned that the French at an early date 
explored the St. Lawrence River. In 1608, they founded 
Quebec on its left bank. The trade in furs with the 
Indians was found profitable, and various French settle- 
ments were made in different parts of what is now called 
Canada. With the traders came out a number of Roman 
Catholic priests and Jesuits, who travelled far out in the 
northwest and preached to the Indians. 

5. Several little forts were built by these French 
priests in what is now tlie states of Michigan and Illi- 
nois. It was then, of coin^se, a wilderness. Torture and 
death were often the reward of the devoted missionaries. 
Even after having once suffered much and escaj^ed, they 
would go back to preach to the same savages that had ill- 
treated them. 

6. This was the case with Father Jogues [zhog']. The 
Dutch redeemed him from the Mohawks, after he had 



1682] FRENCH EXPLORERS. 67 

been nearly tortured to death. He found liis way back 
to Canada; but shortly after, when a missionary was to 
be sent to these same Mohawks, he offered himself for 
the work, and went, saying, " I shall never return." His 
words were fulfilled. Soon after his arrival, the savages 
declared he had blighted their crop, and put him to death. 
1. Marquette [Quar-ket'^ and Joliet [2hole-ya'\ 
two devoted French missionaries, in the course of their 
wanderings, discovered the upper part of the Mississippi, 
as De Soto had the lower part more than a hundred years 
before. They sailed some distance down the great river. 
The Indians along its banks were friendly, and feasted 
them with hominy and fish. Marquette afterward under- 
took another expedition. He landed to say his prayers on 
the bank of a stream in Michigan, and died there while 
engaged in his devotions. 

8. The greatest of these French explorers was La 
Salle \lah sal]. He set out for the west in the first sail- 
boat that ever crossed Lake Ontario. He met with many 
adventures, built forts, traded with the Indians, and went 
w^here white men had never been before. Part of his 
company discovered the Falls of Saint Anthony in the 
Mississippi. In 1682, he sailed down the Mississippi to 
the Gulf of Mexico, and called the country Louisiana, 
after Louis XI Y., King of France. 

9. La Salle then w^ent to France, to obtain the means 
of founding a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. 
He was intrusted with several ships, and a large amount 
of stores. But his store-ship was wrecked on the coast of 
what is now called Texas. He could not find the mouth 
of the great river. Leaving some of his men to settle in 
Texas, he set out with the rest, to find his way across the 
continent to Canada. 



08 KING WILLIAM'S WAR. [1685 

10. La Salle had not gone far when he was killed by 
one of his company. The murderer himself soon after 
perished, and few of the party succeeded in reaching 
Canada. Though La Salle failed to plant a permanent 
colony, his expedition gave the French King a claim to 
the wdiole valley of the Mississippi. 



LESSON XXI. 
KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 

1. The Frencli now possessed many posts in Canada 
and the far west, and had great influence with some of the 
native tribes. The English settlements were still more 
numerous, and stronger. So it is not strange that the 
two pai'ties were jealous of each other. In 1G89, troubles 
arose between the Kings of France and England, and 
hostilities at once commenced in the new world. As 
William IIL now held the crown of England, this was 
called King William's War. 

2. The first thing the French did, was to excite their 
Indian allies against the English. There was an old man 
called Major Waldron, living in Dover, New^ Hampshire, 
who had once treated the natives cruelly, and to whom 
some of them were in debt for goods. About dark one 
night, a couple of squaws knocked at his door, and asked 
to stay there all night, as they were very tired. Major 
Waldron told them that they might ; but, as soon as the 
family were asleep, they opened the door and let in a 
band of Indians. 

3. They set the old man on a table. He had been a 
magistrate ; and, mocking him, they cried out, ^' Judge 



1689] STORY OF IfliS. DUSTIN. 69 

Indians now as yon nsecl to do." Then the cruel savages 
who owed him money, drew their knives across his breast, 
saying that thus they crossed out their accounts. After 
kiUing Major Waldron, they attacked the neighboring 
houses, putting to death all whom they could. 

4. The following winter, a body of French and Indi- 
ans surprised Sche-nec^ta-day. This was a flourishing vil- 
lage, sixteen miles from Albany. There was a wall of 
pahsades around it, but the sentinel had gone to sleep, and 
the assailants entered through the gate. The inhabitants 
were roused by the terrible war-whoop and the crackhng 
flames of their houses. Some were killed in their beds. 
Others fled into the wilderness in their night-clothes. 
The rest w^ere driven off as captives, and the to^vn was re- 
duced to ruins. Other places on the frontier suffered in 
the same w^ay. 

5. These outrages at last roused the English. They 
sent two expeditions against the French at Montreal and 
Quebec. One was beaten back, and the other returned 
without effecting anything. Throughout this war, which 
lasted eight years, the French and their Indian alHes had 
the better of the English. 

6. Hannah Dustin. — Mrs. Dustin showed a daring 
spirit. She was lying sick, with a young l)abe beside her, 
when a band of Indians fell upon the house. They killed 
the poor infant, and made her get up, sick as she was, and 
go with them. Mr. Dustin was working in a field near 
by. He could not help her ; but telling his children to 
run for the woods, he saved them with difficulty by keep- 
ing the Indians off with his gun. 

7. Mrs. Dustin, her nurse, and a boy, were driven off 
many miles to the north. Threatened every day with 
death, they at last resolved to risk their lives in an effort 



70 



QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 



[1697 



to escape. Tlie boy told lils master that he wanted to 
become a great warrior, and asked where he should strike 

a person in order to kill 
him. The savage showed 
him, and he told Mrs. 
Dnstin and the nurse. 
That same night, the 
three softly arose. They 
struck the sleeping In- 
dians in the way the boy 
had been shown, and 
killed the whole party 
that had captured them. 
Then they seized on a 
canoe, paddled down the 
river, and were soon 
among their friends, who 
had given them up as lost. 
A granite monument 
erected on the spot, near 
Fisherville, IN". H., com- 
memorates this deed. 




The Hannah Dustin Monument. 



LESSON XXII. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR.— THE SOUTHWEST.— 
GEORGIA FOUNDED. 

1. In 1702, another war broke out, between the 
French and Spanish and the English. It was called, from 
the Queen of England, Queen Anne's War. In the 
new world, hostilities began in the southwest. The gov- 



1704] DEERFIELD BURNED. 71 

eriior of Soutli Carolina marched against the Spaniards at 
St. Augustine, Florida. Before he could take the castle, 
two Spanish vessels appeared oif the coast, and he had to 
leave his stores and run away. He afterward set out 
against the Indian allies of the French and Spanish, and 
succeeded in burning several of their villages and taking 
a number of prisoners. 

2. The French and Spanish in return made an attack 
on Charleston. (See map, p. 73.) They were bravely 
met by the inhabitants, who drove them back, and took a 
French frigate in the harbor. Though thus successful, 
the planters of Carolina suffered much for several years 
from the incursions of the savages, who were excited 
against them by the French and Spanish. 

3. Deerfielcl Burned. — In the winter of 1704, 
some French and Indians from Canada made a descent on 
Deerfield, in the northern part of Massachusetts. They 
were expected, and sentinels Avere posted every night. 
But the cunning Frenchman kept his men in the woods 
till daybreak, when the guard was dismissed. Then climb- 
ing up the snow, which was piled to the top of the pali- 
sades, they were in the town in a moment. 

4. Every house in Deerfield was burned but one, and 
that was riddled with bullets. Many were killed, and still 
more made prisoners. Among the latter were Mr. Wil- 
liams, the minister of the place, his wife and five children. 
They were driven many miles through the snow ; and at 
last Mrs. Williams, who was sick, sank from exhaustion, 
and was killed before her husband's eyes. After remain- 
ing a prisoner many months, Mr. Williams was ransomed, 
and returned to his friends, with all his children but a 
daughter seven years old. 

5. Years rolled on, and Deerfield was rebuilt. One 



72 



NEW ORLEANS FOUNDED. 



[1718 



day, a woman dressed like a squaw entered the town. 
Her face was nnlike an Indian's, and tlie people asked her 
who she was. She answered that she was the lost daugh- 
ter of Mr. Williams ; that she was married to an Indian, 
and had several children in Canada. The people begged 
her to stay with them ; but she would not leave her hus- 
band and childi'en, and went back to Canada. 

(3. French Set- 




Nkw Orleans and Vicimtt 



tleiiieiit ill the 
Southwest. — The 

King of France was 
not discouraged by 
La Salle's ill suc- 
cess. He sent out 
more emigrants, who 
found the mouth of 
the Mississippi, sailed 
up' the river, and 
built Fort Rosalie 
where E"atchez now 
stands. In 1718, 
the city of New 
At first it grew but slowly, but 



Orleans was laid out. 

now it is the great city of the southwest. 

Y. The colonists of Louisiana, as this whole region was 
then called, soon got into trouble witli the natives. The 
Natchez Indians had a village near the French fort, which 
the French wanted to seize and turn into a plantation. 
This roused the Natchez, who fell on the fort and put to 
death all except the women and children. The people of 
New Orleans avenged this massacre by destroying the 
whole tribe. 

8. The last settled of the colonies was Georgia. In 



1729] 



SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 



73 



1733, Ogletliorpe \o' gel-thorp\ having obtained a grant 
from George II., King of Great Britain, in whose honor 
he named his 
colony, reached 
the Savannah 
River with a 
company of 
emigrants. The 
beautiful city 
of Savannah 
was founded, 
with wide and 
regular streets, 
and large gar- 
dens around the 
houses. More 
emigrants came 
over, and 

through the 
wise manage- 
ment of Oglethorpe the colony flourished. 

9. Oglethorj)e treated the Indians kindly, and they 
met him in the same spirit. Soon after his arrival, sev- 
eral chiefs came to welcome him. They brought him a 
buffalo-skin, adorned Avith the head and feathers of an 
eagle, in token of their friendship, and asked him to love 
and protect their families. 

10. We have now had an account of the founding of 
the thirteen colonies. See if you can remember them in 
order, with the date of each. 

1. Virginia, by the English, at Jamestown, in 1607. 

2. New York, by the Dutch, at New Amsterdam, in 1614. 

3. New Jersey, by Dutch traders, at Bergen, in 1618. 

4 




Eaely Settlkments in Georgia and Floeida. 



74 WASHINGTON'S EXPEDITION. [1752 

4. Massachusetts, by English Puritans, at Plymouth, in 1620. 

5. New Hampshire, by the English, at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623. 

6. Maryland, by the English, under Lord Baltimore, in 1634. 

7. Connecticut, by Puritans from Massachusetts, in 1635. 

8. Rhode Island, by Roger Williams, at Providence, in 1636. 

9. Delaware, by the Swedes and Finns, in 1638. 

10. Pennsylvania, by Swedes from Delaware, in 1643. 
By English Quakers, at Philadelphia, in 1683. 

11. North Carolina, by emigrants from Virginia, in 1653. 

12. South Carolina, by the English, near Charleston, in 1670. 

13. Georgia, by the English, at Savannah, in 1733. 



LESSON XXIII. 

WASHINGTON'S EXPEDITION. 

1. Difficulties between the French and 
Englisli. — As years rolled on, both French and Enghsh 
increased rapidly in America. Ko boundary line had been 
agreed upon between the two nations. Each was jealous 
of the other. The French claimed the rich valleys of the 
Ohio and Mississippi, on the ground of having first ex- 
plored them. They sent out agents to make friends of 
the Indians, and broke up an English post on the fron- 
tier, carrying off the traders to Canada. 

2. The Indians who lived near the Ohio became 
alarmed at these movements. They sent one of their 
warriors to the French, to say that the Great Spirit had 
given these lands to them. But the French commander 
replied, " It is my land, and I will have it." The Indians 
then made a treaty w^ith the English ; and the governor of 
Virginia determined to send a messenger to the French, to 
forbid their trespassing on territory which he said belonged 
to England. 



1753] STORIES OF WASHINGTON-. 75 

3. The person selected for this mission was George 
Wasliing^ton, — the great Washington, "the father of 
his country," — then a youth of twenty-one. Washington 
was horn in a Virginia farm-house, near the Potomac 
River. He was brought up by a good mother, who 
taught him to love what was true and noble. 

4. George was an excellent horseman. His mother 
had two favorite horses, one of which was not used to the 
saddle. As this horse was feeding on the lawn one day, 
some young men proposed to mount it. They tried in 
vain, however ; it set them all at defiance. George, who 
was one of the youngest present, then made the attempt. 
In spite of its plunging and kicking, he succeeded in 
getting on its back, and kept his seat there, till, after a 
furious race, the animal fell exhausted. 

5. At school, George was the leader of all the boys in 
both play and study. He became a good smweyor, and 
soon after leaving school was employed to survey a large 
tract of wild land on the Potomac. He camped out in 
the woods, shot his own game, cooked it for himself, used 
a chip for his dish, and his fingers for forks. He soon 
became known for his courage and fidelity, and this led 
the governor of Virginia to choose him for his messenger 
to the French. 

6. Perils of the Journey. — The French fort lay 
in the north-west of Pennsylvania. The route thither ran 
through forests and swamps, and over rivers swollen by 
rain and snow. It was with great difficulty Washington 
reached it. He delivered his message without effect. 
The French commander pointed to his boats, all ready 
for starting, and told him that in the spring he intended 
sailing down the Ohio, and destroying every English post 
he met with. 



76 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1754 

1. Several friendlj Indians had accompanied Washing- 
ton, and these the French tried to entice from him with 
rum and presents. Washington conld hardly get them 
away. At last, finding he conld do nothing, he set out 
on liis return, having lirst learned all he could about the 
plans of the French. His journey home was full of 
dangers. It was extremely cold. The horses were dis- 
abled, and he had to go on foot through the snow. A 
treacherous Indian guide fired at his head at the distance 
of a few feet, but missed his aim. 

8. At length, with a single companion, he came to a 
deep river, full of drifting ice. Having made a raft, they 
got on board, and tried to push it across with poles. It 
soon became jammed between cakes of ice. Washington, 
while trying to steady the raft with his pole, was jerked 
into the water, and narrowly escaped drowning. 

9. Through all the dangers of the way, Washington 
was preserved by a Higher Power. He made his report 
to the governor of Yirginia, and was praised by all for 
the gallantry with which he had discharged his duty. A 
long war between the French and Enghsh followed, which 
is known as the French and Indian War. 



LESSON XXIV. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR.—BRADDOCK'S 
DEFEAT. 

1. Fort Dvi Quesne. — By Washington's advice, 
the English commenced a fort where Pittsburg, in Penn- 
sylvania, now stands. Before its completion it was cap- 
tured by the French, who finished it and called it Fort 
Du Quesne [du kane]. 



1755] BRALD OCR'S EXPEDITION. 77 

2. A force commanded by AVashington liad been sent 
out to garrison this post. Though too late to save it, they 
surjirised a body of French by a night attack, and com- 
pletely defeated them. Washington was soon after sur- 
rounded in a stockade, which he had constructed, by a 
large force of French and Indians. He had to surrender, 
but was allowed to retain his stores, and march out with 
the honors of war. 

3. In 1755, General Braddock came over from 
Great Britain witli a powerful army, to attack the French. 
He advanced against Fort Du Quesne, moving but slowly, 
in consequence of having to make his own road through 
the wilderness. Washington joined his army, and warned 
the general to be on his guard against Indian ambus- 
cades. But Braddock paid no attention to his warnings. 
The savages, he said, could do no harm to British 
troops. 

4. Braddock's Defeat. — When Braddock's army 
was within a few miles of Fort Du Quesne, a deadly fire 
was suddenly poured in upon them ; and Indian yells rent 
the air in front and on each side. The savages were con- 
cealed behind trees and rocks, and the British were cut 
doT\Ti w^ithout a cliance of returning their fire. The van 
was seized with a panic, and fell back on the main body. 
The Virginia Bangers, who were used to Indian warfare, 
stood their ground bravely for a time ; but the rest were 
thrown into confusion, left their baggage, and fled from 
the field. 

5. Braddock was mortally wounded, while trying to 
rally his men. The chief command then fell to Washing- 
ton. He threw himself into the thickest of the fight. 
Two horses were shot under him. Four balls passed 
through his coat. The Indians aimed at him again and 



78 



BRADDOCK'S EXPEDITION. 



[1755 



again ; still he escaped uninjured. But in vain he strove 

to turn the fortunes of the day. 

6. The British fled many miles, destroying their artil- 
lery and stores. The 
W\ line army of Brad- 
dock was broken up, 
and that by a much 
smaller force of 
French and Indians. 
The French com- 
mander had at first 
thought of abandon- 
ing the fort. One 
of his officers per- 
suaded him to stay 
and meet the enemy ; 
and with the aid of 
his Indian allies, he 
was, as we have seen, 
completely success- 
ful. 

T. The English 
colonists had ex- 
pected much from 
Braddock, and were 
greatly disappointed 
at his defeat. In 
the north, however, 

they had better success. Near Lake George, in the state 

of New York, they defeated a large army of French and 

Indians, who were making a descent on one of their forts. 

They also conquered a large tract lying east of Maine, 

now called New Brunswick. 




Scene of Hostllities in the Ohio Valley, 



1756] MONTCALM'S VICTORIES. 79 

8. Siege of Fort William Henry In 1756, 

the French sent over a distinguished general named Mont- 
cahn, to command their forces in America. Taking ad- 
vantage of the inactivity of the EngHsh general, Mont- 
calm captured a number of places. In 1T5Y, marching- 
down from Canada into the state of jN"ew York ^vith a 
large force of French and Indians, he laid siege to Fort 
Wilham Ilenrj, on the southern shore of Lake George. 
This post vras bravely defended by its commander, who 
hoped for relief from a British army under General Webb, 
at another fort, only fourteen miles off. 

9. But Webb was afraid to meet Montcalm, and let 
the garrison of Fort Wilham Henry take care of itself. 
Still the officer in command gallantly held out. It was 
not till half his cannon burst, and his ammunition gave 
out, that he agreed to surrender. Honorable terms were 
granted. The troops were to be allowed to join their 
comrades at the other fort. 

10. Xo sooner, however, had they commenced march- 
ing out of Fort William Henry, than the savages in Mont- 
calm's army began to rob and murder them. A general 
massacre ensued. In spite of the efforts of the French 
officers, only a part of the British army escaped. Up to 
this time, the French had been generally successful. They 
now possessed twenty times as much territory in America 
as the English. 



LESSON XXV. 

CLOSE OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

1. English Successes. — The Enghsh losses had 
been caused bv the inefficiency of their generals. In 1758, 



80 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1758 

therefore, they selected better leaders. Several expedi- 
tions were planned. One of these resulted in the capture 
of Louisburg, a strong French post on an island north- 
east of l!^ova Scotia. The French commander held out 
till his ships were taken, his cannon destroyed, and his 
works battered down. E'or would he have surrendered 
then, had it not been for the prayers of the inhabitants. 

2. Montcalm, the gallant French general, -svas at Ti- 
conderoga. Here he was attacked by a superior force of 
English, but he drove them back with loss. An Enghsh 
expedition directed against Fort Du Quesne was more 
successful. One division of the army, sent out to recon- 
noitre, was defeated; but, when Washington and his 
brave Yirginians approached the fort, the French com- 
mander blew up the magazine, set lire to the works, and 

' retreated with his men in boats. 

3. Washington raised his country's flag over the ruins 
of Fort Du Quesne. A new block-house was erected, and 
the place was called Pittsburg, after Pitt, an eminent 
English statesman. Returning soon after to Virginia, 
Washington was received with great honor. The district 
in which he lived had elected him to the House of Bur- 
gesses, as the legislature of the colony Avas called. When 
he took his seat in that body, the Speaker rose and 
thanked him in the name of his country for his distin- 
guished services. Washington rose to reply — ^l)lushed — 
stammered — trembled — but could not say a word. " Sit 
down, Mr. Washington," said the Speaker ; " your mod- 
esty equals your courage, and that surpasses the power of 
any language I possess." 

4. Fall of Quebec. — The strongest place now in 
possession of the French was Quebec. This had been 
founded about the same time as Jamestown. The fort 



1759] 



WOLFE'S ATTACK ON QUEBEC. 



81 



stood on an almost perpendicular bluff, two hundred feet 
high. It was strongly built, and defended by a large 
army under Montcalm. This post the EngKsh determined 
to take. The heroic Wolfe, with eight thousand men, 
was sent against it. They arrived in the summer of 1759. 
5. For several months Wolfe lay before Quebec. He 
made various attempts, but was baffled in all by the 
strength of the place. He could see but one chance of 
success, and that, 
slight as it was, he 
resolved to try. 
While saiHng up 
the river, he had 
espied, a short dis- 
tance above the fort, 
a steep rough path 
running up the face 
of the cliff amid 
rocks and bushes. 
This led, he was 
told, to the Plains 




QUEBEC 

AXD THE 
VICINITY 



of Abraham, which 
extended to the upper town. His plan was to land in 
the night, lead his men up the narrow path, surprise the 
French guard on the top, and then advance upon the fort. 
6. This plan was carried out. Supporting themselves 
by roots and bushes, Wolfe's men climbed up the cliff, 
and put to flight the French guard which had fired on 
them as they approached the summit. By dawn the 
whole English army was on the heights. Montcalm was 
thunderstruck when he received these tidings. His men 
were at once in motion. A bloody battle took place. 
The English were successful. Wolfe feU at the moment 



82 SCENES IN THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1759 

of victory, tlianking God for his success, and declaring 
that he died happy. 

7. Montcalm, also, was mortally wounded, while trying 




to rally his men. lie had done all he could to save the 
day, but in vain. The French fled into the town, and 



1759] TROUBLES WITH THE GOVERNORS. 83 

three days afterward Quebec surrendered to the Enghsh. 
The next year Montreal was taken, and with it all Canada 
fell into the hands of the English. It has ever since 
remained in their possession. 

8. Tlius ended the French and Indian War. It lasted 
over six years, and cost the Kves of thousands of brave 
men. Wolfe and Montcalm, the two gallant generals, 
were much lamented. The English have since raised a 
monument, bearing the name of each, on the spot where 
the battle was fought. Though England spent a great 
deal of money in this struggle, she in return vastly in- 
creased her possessions in the new world. 



LESSON XXVI. 
TROUBLES WITH THE GOVERNORS. 

1. Peace now prevailed, and the colonies would have 
flourished if they had been left to themselves. But the 
King and Parliament of England w^anted to control them 
and interfere with their affairs. Many of the governors, 
for years back, had been men who cared little for the 
colonies. Their chief aim was to enrich themselves, and 
deprive the people of their rights. 

2. Andros and the Charter. — But the hardy set- 
tlers of America were not disposed to submit. On one 
occasion, Andros, who had been made governor of all 
New England, went to Connecticut, and told the people 
they must give up their charter. This was a paper setting 
forth their rights. It had been granted to them by a pre- 
vious King ; but the tyrannical James 11. had revoked it, 
and sent Andros to take it away. The people were 



84 STORY OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. [1689 

opposed to its surrender, and crowded into the liall where 
the assembly were discussing the question, 

3. The charter lay open on the table. On a sudden 
the candles were put out, and when they were relighted 
the charter could not be found. A patriot had made off 
with it, and hidden it in the hollow of a large oak, called 
from this "the charter oak." Two years afterward, the 
people heard that King James had been driven from his 
throne in England, on account of his tyranny. On this 
they seized Andros, sent him over to England, and drew 
the much-prized charter, uninjured, out of its hiding- 
place. 

4. Difficulty with Governor Fletcher. — A 
few years after this, the King gave Governor Fletcher 
authority to command the militia of Connecticut ; and 
he ordered them to turn out at Hartford on a certain day, 
for review. The people preferred ha\Hng their own 
officers command them. When Fletcher arrived, he 
found a large body of men assembled, with their cap- 
tain, named Wadsworth, at their head. "Read the 
King's order, by w^hich I am to command the Connect- 
icut militia," said Fletcher to his secretary. Just then 
Wadsworth gave a signal, and the drummers commenced 
beating their drums so loudly that the secretary could not 
be heard. 

5. " Silence ! " roared Fletcher, and beckoned to his 
secretary to go on. Before he could do so, the drums 
commenced again, drowning every other sound. " Si- 
lence ! " again cried Fletcher, almost bursting with rage. 
The drummers stopped ; but Wadsworth, stepping up 
fiercely with his drawn sword, bade them go on. "If 
you inteiTupt them again," said he to Fletcher, " I will 
make daylight shine through you." When Fletcher heard 



1760] PASSAGE OF THE STAMP ACT. 85 

this, lie concluded to leave the Connecticut militia to their 
own officers. 

6. Taxation without Representation. — The 

French and Indian War afforded a new pretext for wring- 
ing money out of America. The King and Parliament 
took the ground that, as the war had been in defence of 
the colonies, the colonies should pay for it. So they laid 
duties on various articles imported into America. The 
colonies were willing to bear the expense of the war. 
But they claimed that Parliament had no right to tax 
them, because they were not represented by any delegates 
in that body. Taxation without representation they would 
not submit to. 

7. In 17G0, Parliament took new measures for collect- 
ing the odious duty. The colonies were at once thrown 
into great excitement. Meetings were held, and the peo- 
ple protested against Parliament's assuming such despotic 
powers. The excitement was increased in 17G5, by Parha- 
ment's passing the famous Stamp Act, ^j this act, all 
newspapers and almanacs, all bonds, notes, contracts, &c., 
were required to bear stamps, which were to be bought 
from the government at prices ranging from one cent to 
nearly thirty dollars. This tax the colonies determined to 
resist, if necessary, by force of arms. 



LESSON XXVII. 

CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. Indig^nation tliroughout the Colonies. — 

When the news that the Stamp Act had passed reached 
Virginia, the House of Burgesses was in session. Among 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 



[1768 



AMEHICCA 



the members was a young lawyer of burning eloquence 
and fearless spirit, named Patrick Henry. Indignant at 
tbis outrage on bis country's rigbts, bo poured fortb an 
impassioned speecb, wbicb carried all before it. So 
boldly did be express himself, that the cry of " Treason ! 
Treason ! " was raised in different parts of the bouse, by 
members who favored the royal cause. But nothing 
could withstand the torrent of Patrick Henry's elo- 
quence. It awakened a S]3irit of resistance in every 
noble breast. 

2. The people did not confine themselves to words. 
They burned 
images of those 
who were ap- 
pointed to sell 
the stamps. 
When vessels 
with stamps 
arrived, they 
tolled the bells, 
and walked the 
streets dressed 

in mourning. They destroyed whole boxes of stamps, 
and threatened all who should distribute or use them. 
So Parliament had to repeal this act. But it still 
claimed the right of taxation, and laid a duty on all tea, 
glass, paper, and painters' colors, imported into the 
colonies. 

3. The colonists were still dissatisfied ; and. when they 
heard that English soldiers had been ordered to Boston, to 
make them submit, they were more angry than ever. 
The soldiers, on their arrival, treated the people inso- 
lently, while their ofiicers screened them from punish- 




VoSHEI!.MN(&^. 



Specimens of Stamps. 



1773] TEA RIOT AT BOSTON. 87 

ment. They soon Lad a collision with the citizens of 
Boston, in which three of the latter were killed. This 
was called " the Boston Massacre." 

4. Throwing over Tea in Boston Harbor. — 

Parliament at last saw fit to take off the duties from every 
article but tea. The colonists then determined not to use 
any tea. When ships containing this article came over, 
they would not let them land, but sent them back to Eng- 
land. At Boston, three ships full of tea having arrived, 
the governor insisted that they should not go back, but 
that their cargoes should be landed. So, after dark one 
night, a party of men disguised as Indians went on board 
of the ships, and threw the tea overboard into the harbor. 
This was done amid the cheers of a great crowd assembled 
on the wharf. 

5. On their return, they passed a house where the 
British Admiral was spending the evening. Putting his 
head out of the window, he cried, "Well, boys, you've 
had a fine night for your Indian caper; but mind, you've 
got to pay the fiddler." " Oh ! never mind," said one of 
the crowd ; '' just you come out here, and we'll settle the 
bill in two minutes." But the Admiral declined the 
invitation. 

6. General Gage was now governor of Massachusetts. 
In stead of making friends of the people, he let his 
soldiers provoke them more and more. Even the boys 
did not escape. The red-coats interfered with their sports, 
broke through their skating-ponds, and, when they com- 
plained, called them yomig rebels. At last they assembled 
in a body and went to General Gage. They boldly told 
him how his soldiers had ill-treated them, and that they 
would bear it no longer. The general could not help 
admiring them. " Go, my brave boys," he replied, " and 



88 COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION. [1775 

be assured that if my troops trouble yon again they shall 
be punished." 

7. Resistance cletermined upon. — Parhament 
persisted in its claims ; the colonies denied them. Keither 
would yield. In vain General Gage tried to bribe the 
leading patriots. The King had not money enough to 
buy them. Delegates from the different colonies met at 
Philadelphia in 1774, to agree upon measures of resist- 
ance. Bodies of militia were formed. Officers were ap- 
pointed. " Minute-men," as they were called, agreed to 
shoulder their muskets at a moment's notice. Patrick 
Henry again raised his voice in Virginia. His thrilling 
words, ^' Give me liherty or give me death^^ were reechoed 
far and wide throughout the colonies. 



LESSON XXVIII. 

COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. In 1775, the war, long foreseen, broke out. It is 
known as the Revolutionary War. Early in that 
year, the British Parliament declared that Massachusetts 
was in rebellion, and sent out more troops. General Gage 
had already fortified Boston Neck, which connects the 
city with the mainland. The patriots had some trouble 
in getting their ammunition out of Boston. They hid 
their cannon in loads of manure, and their powder and 
cartridges in market-baskets and candle-boxes. Thus they 
passed the sentinels unsuspected. 

2. The patriots collected most of their stores at Con- 
cord, a few miles from Boston. Hearing of this, General 
Gage one night sent a force of eight hundred men to de- 



1775] BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 89 

stroy them. It was done very secretly ; yet the patriots 
found out what was going on. The British, as they ad- 
vanced toward Concord, heard bells ringing and guns tir- 
ing in the surrounding country. These were signals for 
the*minute-men to assemble. 

3. Battle of Lexington. — A little more than half 
way between Boston and Coacord was the village of Lex- 
ington. Here the British arrived shortly after daylight. 
They found a body of minute-men on the green. " Dis- 
perse, ye rebels ! '' said the British leader, riding up to 
them. Shots were then fired. Several of the Americans 
fell. The rest gave way. This was the first blood shed 
in the Revolution. 

4. The British went on to Concord. Here some of 
them held the bridge, while the rest went to destroy the 
stores. Meanwhile some American militia-men came up, 
and a skirmish took place at the bridge. Several fell on 
l)oth sides ; and, as soon as their companions came back, 
the British were glad to commence their homeward march. 
They had destroyed two cannon, had thrown a great num- 
ber of cannon-balls into the river and wells, and had bro- 
ken to pieces about sixty barrels of flour. Most of the 
stores had been carried off to a place of safety before they 
arrived. 

5. A large quantity of flour was saved by a miller 
named Wheeler. It was stored in his barn, along with 
some of his own. When the soldiers came to search the 
place, Wheeler told them that he was a miller, and made 
his living by grinding grain. Then putting his hand on 
a barrel which belonged to himself, he said : " This is my 
flour; surely you will not destroy private property." 
The soldiers thought from what he said that it was all his, 
and went away without doing any injury. 



90 



RETREAT OF THE BRITISH. 



[1775 



6. The British suffered sorely on their return. The 
alarm had spread, and the brave men of the surrounding 







///<i^ro// 



country came up from all sides. Posting themselves be- 
hind barns and houses, trees and fences, they poured in a 
deadly fire on the retreating British. In vain the latter 
tried to return it. All the way to Boston, they were thus 
harassed. Their ranks kept thinning, and they were 



1775] GOING TO THE WAR. 91 

ready to sink with fatigue. They would never have 
reached the city, had not fresli troops been sent to their 
aid. 

7. The Country Aroused. — The news of the bat- 
tle of Lexington was the signal for a general rising. The 
farmer left his plough, and the mechanic his workshop. 
Even old men and boys hastened to arm themselves. The 
wife girded the sword about her husband. The mother 
blessed her son, and bade him go strike a blow for his 
country. 

8. One mother fitted out her elder son with a fowling- 
piece and slugs made out of her pewter spoons. Her 
younger boy was only sixteen. For him she had nothing 
but an old rusty sword. Giving him this, she dashed 
away a tear, and bade him follow his brother. " Beg or 
borrow a sword, my child," she said ; " or you will find 
one. Some coward, I dare say, will be running away. 
Then take his gun and march forward." 

9. At Barn'sta-ble, the only child of a farmer joined 
a company that was about to march to Cambridge. As 
they passed the father's house on leaving the village, he 
came forth and said : " God be with you all, my friends ! 
and, John, if you, my son, are called into battle, take care 
that you behave manfully, or else let me never see your 
face again." This was the spirit everywhere. Twenty 
thousand patriots were soon in arms around Boston. 



92 THE GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS. [1775 

LESSON XXIX. 

CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA.— ETHAN ALLEN. 

1. The spirit of resistance was not confined to 
New England. In Virginia, the governor tlionght it pru- 
dent to take ref nge on a British vessel. The governors of 
North and Sonth Carolina were also obliged to flee. Just 
a month after the battle of Lexington, a meeting was held 
at Charlotte, North Carolina. The people there went so 
far as to declare themselves independent of the King, and 
said they wonld maintain their freedom with their lives. 
This was the first Declaration of Independence. 

2. Ticoncleroga, an important fort on Lake Cham- 
plain, was garrisoned by British soldiers. Ethan Allen 
and his brave Green Mountain Boys resolved to capture 
this post. The Green Mountains are in Vermont ; and 
the hardy pioneers of this region called themselves Green 
Mountain Boys. They assembled on the shore of the 
lake, opposite Tieonderoga, w^ithout the garrison's sus- 
pecting that any foe w^as near. 

3. One of the party went to the fort, pretending to be 
an awkward country boy, who wanted to be shaved. Af- 
ter learning all he could about the place, he returned to 
his comj)anions. In the night they commenced crossing, 
but there were not boats enough to carry all the men over. 
As daylight aj)proached, Allen, not daring to wait for 
any more, led his men up to the fort. As he drew near, 
a sentinel snapped his gun at the party; but it missed 
fire. He then ran into the fort to raise an alarm, closely 
followed by the Americans. 

4. The frightened soldiers leaped from their beds, but 
it was only to find themselves prisoners. The command- 



1775] CAPTURE OF TICONDEROGA. 93 

ing officer rushed to tlie door of liis quarters in his night- 
clothes, followed by his wife. Allen, pointing to his men, 
bade him surrender. "Bj what authority," he asked, 
" do you command it ? " "In the name of the great Je- 
hovah and the Continental Congress," was Allen's reply. 
There was no help for it. The fort was surrendered, with 
its stores, powder, and cannon — all of which were much 
needed by the patriots. 

5. Ethan Allen soon after planned an invasion of 
Canada. Trying to take Montreal, he was himself taken 
by the British. They put him in irons, and sent him over 
to England. Here he was in danger of being hanged as 
a rebel. It was more than two years before he was re- 
leased. Sent from place to place as a prisoner, he was 
half starved, and treated with insult and ci-uelty. 

8. On one British ship he was treated with kindness, 
and well did he repay it. There were a number of Ameri- 
can prisoners on board, and some of them formed a ]3lan 
to kill the captain and seize on the ship and a large sum 
of money which it contained. Having won over a num- 
ber of the crew, they tried to get Allen to join them. 
But he indignantly refused, and told them he would peril 
his life in defence of the captain who had treated them 
all so well. Owing to his threats and persuasions, they 
gave u]3 the plan. 

7. Ethan AUen was as honest as he was brave. He 
once gave his note for one hundred and fifty dollars to a 
person whom he owed. When it became due, he could 
not pay it. He was sued, and employed a lawyer to get 
the matter put off till he could raise the money. He was 
utterly surprised when his lawyer rose in court and denied 
the signature of the note. Rushing up to him, he cried : 
" Sii*, I didn't hire you to come here and lie. That's a 



94 ETHAN ALLEN. [1775 

true note. I signed it, and I'll pay it. I want no shuf- 
fling. All I want is time." He obtained the time he 
wanted, and the note was paid. 

8. The very day on whicli Ethan Allen took Ticonde- 
roga (May 10th, 1775), the Continental Congress 
met the second time at Philadelphia. They prepared for 
war in earnest. A large amount of paper money was is- 
sued. George Washington, of whom we heard before in 
the French and Indian War, was elected commander-in- 
chief. He hastened to Cambridge, near Boston, to take 
command of the patriots there assembled. Before he ar- 
rived, however, a large number of fresh troops from Eng- 
land had reached Boston, and an important battle had 
been fought. 



LESSON XXX. 

BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 

1. Affairs at Boston. — In June, 1775, (before 
Washington had taken the chief command), ten thousand 
British troops lay in Boston. Nearly twice as many 
Americans had gathered around the city. But they were 
poorly armed, and many of them had never been in battle. 
Hearing that the British intended fortifying Bunker Hill, 
the American general determined to be beforehand with 
them. Accordingly, that same evening, he sent Colonel 
Prescott, with one thousand men, to take possession of 
Bunker HiU, and throw up a breastwork of earth for its 
defence ; but Breed's Hill, near by, was selected instead. 

2. The men worked silently with their pick-axes and 
spades ail night. They heard the British sentinels at Bos- 
ton cry "All's Well!" But the British did not hear 



1775] 



BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL. 



95 



them, and the next morning were amazed to see a long 
intrenchment commanding the city. A battle was re- 
solved on. The flower of the British army was sent .to 
dislodge the Americans, and the British ships in the har- 




BosTON AND Vicinity in 1776. 



bor opened a fire on the hill. The roofs and steeples of 
Boston and the conntry around were filled with anxious 
spectators. 

3. Battle of Bunker Hill.— Twice the British 
troops charged up the hill. The Americans had been or- 
dered to wait till they saw the whites of the enemy's eyes, 
and then to fire low and not waste their powder. They 



96 FALL OF WARREN. [I775 

obeyed tlie order, and twice the British veterans recoiled 
before them. Fresh troops were then brought up, and a 
third attack was made. Unfortunately, the powder of 
the Americans now gave ont. They received the British 
with stones and clubbed muskets. But it was useless to 
resist, and a retreat was ordered. 

4. As they were leaving the works, General Warren, 
a distinguished patriot, fell mortally wounded. Prescott 
had offered him the command in the morning. He de- 
clined it, saying he had come to learn, and served in the 
ranks as a private. The British general rejoiced at his 
fall, saying it was worth that of five hundred ordinary sol- 
diers. 

5. Though driven from their ground, the Americans 
had greatly the advantage at Bunker Plill. They lost less 
than half as many men as the British, and, if their ammu- 
nition had lasted, would doubtless have remained masters 
of the field. A splendid monument has since been raised 
near the spot where Warren fell, to commemorate this 
battle. 

6. Among those who did good service at Bunker Hill 
was Gen. Putnanie He was ploughing when he heard 
of the battle of Lexington. Leaving his plough in the 
field, without even waiting to change his clothes, he 
mounted his horse and galloped off for Cambridge. He 
had served in the French and Indian War, and w^as nearly 
sixty years old ; but he was strong and brave as ever. 

7. Putnam's farm was in Connecticut. Here, when a 
young man, he was much troubled by a cunning wolf 
that prowled about the country, destroying what she 
could, and always escaping the hunters. In one night she 
killed seventy of his sheep and goats. Putnam and sev- 
eral of his neighbors resolved to hunt her to the death. 



1775] STORIES OF PUTNAM. 97 

Tliey tracked her to her den, Avhich was a deep cavern, 
and tried to drive her out by throwing in burning straw 
and snlphnr ; but in vain. The dogs were then sent in. 
They soon came out howling and badly wounded, and 
refused to return. 

8. At last, Putnam threw off his coat, tied a rope to 
one of his legs, and with a torch in one hand and his load- 
ed gun in the other, descended into the den. His com- 
panions, who were anxiously listening above, soon heard 
an angry growl and the sharp crack of a musket. They 
drew Putnam uj). Again he descended, and this time, on 
being drawn up, he had the dead wolf by tlie ears. 

9. Many a thrilling scene had " old Put," as his friends 
called him, passed through. He once, at the risk of his 
life, and not without some dreadful burns, saved Fort 
Edward from being consumed, and the magazine from ex- 
ploding. At another time, he was caj)tured by a party of 
Indians, who prepared to torture him. They tied him to 
a tree, piled up fagots around him, and set them on lire. 
A thunder shower put out the tlames. Again they hghted 
the pile. Hope had died in Putnam's bosom, when a 
French officer burst through the bushes, hurled the sav- 
ages right and left, scattered the blazing wood, and re- 
leased the prisoner. 

10. Shortly before the Revolution, General Gage, in 
Putnam's presence, expressed the opinion that ^yq thou- 
sand British veterans could march from one end of Amer- 
ica to the other unharmed. '' So they might," replied 
Putnam, " if they behaved themselves properly, and paid 
for what they wanted. But should they attempt it as 
enemies, the American women would knock them on the 
head with their ladles," 



98 INVASION OF CANADA. [1775 

LESSON XXXI, 
INVASION OF CANADA.— SIEGE OF BOSTON. 

1. Ethan Allen liad failed to take Montreal. This did 
not prevent Congress from carrying on the invasion of 
Canada. They hoped the Canadians would join in the 
Revolution. Besides, they v/anted to secure a large 
amount of stores deposited at Quebec. General Mont- 
gomery was placed at the head of the invading force. 
Before long, St. John's and Montreal, two important posts, 
had surrendered. Quebec remained. But the American 
soldiers had enlisted for a certain time ; this time was up. 
Most of them insisted on returning, and Montgomery was 
left with but a small part of his force. 

2. Just at this time, Benedict Arnold was leading a 
body of Americans to join their countrymen in Canada. 
They were pushing their way through the northern part 
of Maine, a pathless mlderness, and came near perishing 
from cold, sickness, and hunger. On one occasion, they 
had eaten their last ox, their last dog, and had nothing 
but roots and their moose-skin moccasins to live on, when 
they were relieved by the arrival of timely supplies. 

3. Joined by this heroic band, Montgomery lost no 
time in laying siege to Quebec, But his few small can- 
non could make no impression on its strong walls. At 
last, it was resolved to storm the place. The attack was 
made by Montgomery and Arnold at different points. It 
was a desperate attempt to make with only nine hundred 
effective men. 

4. In spite of a blinding snow-storm, the Americans 
advanced bravely to the assault. But it was in vain, 
Montgomery was shot dowm at the head of his men. Ar- 



1775] SIEGE OF BOSTON: 99 

nold was disabled by a bullet in tbe leg. The muskets of 
many of tlie Americans were rendered useless by the 
snow. One party w^as obliged to surrender on the spot. 
The rest continued the siege till they heard that a power- 
ful British army was approaching. Then they hastily re- 
treated ; and soon all Canada was again in the hands of 
the British. 

5. The British evacuate Boston. — The King 
and Parliament found it was not so easy to conquer " the 
rebels " as they had expected. So they sent to Germany, 
and hired a number of Hessians, as they were called, to 
come and light for them. In the mean time. Congress 
was busy in collecting stores and buying powder. They 
urged Washington to attack the British at Boston, with 
the force collected under his command at Cambridge. 
But ammunition was scarce ; the men, brave as they were, 
needed discipline ; so that Washington did not think it 
prudent to take the held till the spring of 1776. 

6. Dorchester Heights command the city and harbor 
of Boston. Early in March, General Washington sent a 
body of men by night to throw up intrenchments there. 
It was hard work, for the ground was frozen. The Ameri- 
cans, however, plied their pick-axes diligently, and by 
morning had raised a strong breastwork of earth. When 
the British general saw what had been done, he deter- 
mined to dislodge the enemy. But a storm set in, and 
before it ceased the Americans had fortified themselves 
so strongly that he was afraid to make the attempt. 

7. As the cannon on Dorchester Heights swept the 
whole of Boston, the British army had to leave, or evacu- 
ate^ the city. They sailed away in their ships, to the great 
joy of the patriots. Those who had remained in the city 
during the siege had suffered much. Besides being in- 



100 BRITISH ATTACK ON CHARLESTON. [1776 

suited and maltreated bj the soldiers, they could hardly 
get food to eat or wood to keej) them warm. After first 
sailing to the north, the British general landed his men 
on Staten Island, with the view of attacking New York. 
Washington had already reached the city and prepared 
for its defence. 



LESSON XXXII. 

ATTACK ON CHARLESTON.— DECLARATION OF 
INDEPENDENCE. 

1. The British repulsed at Charleston. — In 

June, 1776, the people of South Carolina heard that a 
strong British fleet, with a large army on board, was about 
to attack Charleston. They quickly erected a fort of pal- 
metto-wood and earth, and garrisoned it with brave men 
under Colonel Moultrie. They did not have to wait long 
for the enemy. One British ship came up after another, 
and soon a heavy flre was opened on the fort. But it did 
little harm. Palmetto- wood is soft ; and the balls, in stead 
of splitting or tearing it, sank into it without doing any 
injury. 

2. It was not so, however, w^ith the fire from the fort. 
Tills did fearful execution on the British ships. At one 
time, the quarter-deck of the admiral's vessel was cleared 
of every man except the admiral himself. The troops on 
board landed, and tried to reach the foi-t, but were driven 
back. At last, having kept up the attack for nine hours 
without any success, the British were obliged to retire. 
They suffered much in the action ; the Americans, but 
little. 

3. In the midst of the battle, a British ball struck the 



1776] SERGEANT JASPER'S GALLANT DEEDS. 101 

fiag-staff of the fort. The flag was carried away, and fell 
in front of the fort, on the beach. Then a brave heart 
showed its courage. Sergeant Jasjier, amid the balls 
that rained from the British vessels, leajDed over the ram- 
part, ran along the beach, and secured the flag. Then, 
fastening it to the sponge-staff of a cannon, he again raised 
it over the fort amid the cheers of liis companions. After 
the battle, Governor Rutledge presented him his own 
sword for this gallant deed. 

4. Jasper was afterward of great service to the Ameri- 
can army. He acted as a scout, and brought them infor- 
mation about the British. He was once scouting with a 
single companion, when he saw a party of ten British sol- 
diers taking some prisoners to Savannah. It was said that 
the prisoners were to be hanged, and Jasper determined to 
save them. For some time the two Americans kept on 
the track of the party, without seeing any chance of at- 
tempting a rescue. At last they drew near Savannah. 
Two miles from the city was a famous spring, and here 
the British, with their prisoners, stopped for a drmk. 

5. Two of the party were left on guard, while the rest 
laid aside their guns and went down to the spring. This 
was the moment Jasper and his companion had waited 
for. Shooting down the soldiers on duty, and knocldng 
over several others with their clubbed muskets, they ob- 
tained possession of the loaded guns of the British. The 
latter had to yield to their two brave enemies. The res- 
cued Americans were then unbound, and armed mth the 
guns of their guard ; and Jasper and his men marched off 
in triumph with their prisoners. 

6. The 4tli of July is always kept as a great holi- 
day in the United States. Do you know why it is kept ? 
Because on the 4th of July, 1776, the Continental Con- 



102 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. [1775 

gress adopted a Declaration of Independence. Up to this 

time they had hoped that the King and Parliament wonld 

give up their unjust 

claims. In that case, 

they would have laid 

down their arms, and ' Tf;-^ 

remained subjects of '^ ^^ 

Great Britain. But )^^^' - '^^' 

now following the ex- ^^K^.,,^ l U 

ample set by the bravo WKkWKkl<J^ 



people of 
Charlotte, 
they said 
the King 
should rule 
over them 
no more. 
They bold- 
y declared 
their inde- 
pendence, 
and pledged 
their lives 
for its sup- 
port. After 
i this, the 
:^ thirteen 




were called "the Thirteen Uuited States o/ America!" 



1776] BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 103 

7. While Congress was discussing the Declaration, 
the streets of Philadelpliia were iilled with crowds, anx- 
ious to know what it would do. When the old bell-ringer 
pealed the bell of the state-house, as a signal that the bill 
had passed, their joy knew no bounds. Bonfires were 
lighted, and houses were illuminated. In New York, the 
people showed their dehght by pulling down a great 
leaden statue of the King, and moulding it into bullets to 
fire against his soldiers. In Boston, the Declaration was 
read at a j)ubKc meeting, amid the cheers of thousands. 
On the preceding page is a picture of Independence Hall, 
in Philadelphia, the building in which Congress met and 
the Declaration of Independence was signed. You may 
also see the old City Hall in New York, and the people 
cheering for the Declaration in Boston. 



LESSON XXXIII. 
.BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND. 

1. In the summer of 1776, New York became the 
centre of the war. General Howe was now the British 
commander. Besides the men who had been driven from 
Boston, he had many fresh troops just from Europe. 
Among the rest were a large number of Hessians. With 
these he advanced on New York by way of Long Island. 
The Americans had thrown up fortifications at the west 
end of the island, opposite New York, where the city of 
Brooklyn now stands. Nine thousand men were sent 
over, to keep the British in check. 

2. Battle of Lon^ Island. — The British army 
advanced in three divisions. One of these, making a cir- 
cuit over the hills, managed to get behind the advanced 



104 HOWE'S ATTEMPTS AT CONCILIATION. [1776 

detacliments that had been thrown out by the Americans. 
While the patriots were busily engaged with the enemy 
in front, they were dismayed to hear a firing in their rear. 
They soon saw that they were surrounded. A few fought 
their way through the British, and reached the American 
lines. Many fell ; a still greater number were made jDris- 
oners. Howe advanced to within a short distance of the 
fortifications, but, in stead of attacking them, waited for 
his fleet to come up. 

3. During the battle, "Washington crossed from ]^ew 
York. He saw his best troops falling, without the power 
to help them. He could only hope to save those who re- 
mained by a timely retreat. On the third night after the 
battle, while Howe was still waiting for his fleet, the 
whole American army embarked in boats, and, with their 
baggage and stores, were conveyed to New York. A 
thick fog concealed their movements ; the boats were 
rowed with mufiHed oars ; and the British had no idea of 
what was going on till the Americans were beyond their 
reach. 

4. A woman living near the river saw the Americans 
embarking, and sent a negro to inform the British. For- 
tunately, he fell into the hands of the Hessians, who could 
not understand what he said. Had it not been for this, 
the whole army might liave been captured. The battle of 
Long Island was most disastrous to the American cause. 
]^umbers deserted from the army ; and many who were 
before in doubt which side to join, now decided in favor 
of the King. 

5. On first approaching the city, Howe had sent a 
letter to Washington, for the purpose of conciliating the 
Americans. Washington refused to receive it, because 
Howe would not acknowledge him as commander of the 



1776] ATTEMPT TO POISON WASHINGTON. 105 

American armj. After tlie battle of Long Island, Howe 
made a second attempt. A committee of Congress met 
him. Tliey found lie had no authority to recognize their 
independence, but could only grant them pardon, and 
receive tliem back as subjects of Great Britain. They 
wanted no pardon, and were determined never to be sub- 
jects of Great Britain. So nothing was effected. 

6. Attempt on the Life of Wasliing^ton. — 
Some of the people of New York were opposed to the 
Revolution. They were called Tories, while those who 
favored it were known as Whigs. While Washington 
was in New York, about this time, several tories formed a 
plot to poison him. They bribed one of his guard to put 
some arsenic in a dish of peas prepared for his dinner. 
The plot was revealed to AYashington through a young 
girl who had overheard it. 

7. To discover the guilty party, Washington had a 
trusty soldier disguised as a servant, and sent him into the 
kitchen to watch the peas. He had not been there long, 
before he saw one of his comrades come anxiously to the 
door and look in. Presently he entered, and hesitating, 
as if horror-struck at the act, sprinkled a powder in the 
pot in which the peas were cooking. Washington was at 
once informed of this. At dinner, when he had seated 
himself among his officers, he asked them to wait for a 
moment, and ordered in his guard. 

8. Fixing his eyes on the guilty man, he put a spoon- 
ful of peas on his plate, and asked him, " Shall I eat of 
these ? " "I don't know," stammered the man, turning 
deadly pale. Washington took some on his knife, and 
again asked, " Shall I eat of these ? " The man could not 
say a word, but raised his hand as if to prevent it. A 
chicken was brought in, and fed with some of the peas ; 



106 WASHINGTON'S RETREAT. [1775 

it died on the spot. This proved that they had been poi- 
soned. The man was carried fainting from the room, and 
Washington was saved. 

9. This same year, a British sloop-of-war put into the 
island called Martha's Vineyard. It w^as in want of a spar, 
and the only stick of timber there that would answer the 
purpose was a liberty-tree, erected by the patriots. This 
tree the captain said he must have ; but three brave girls, 
not yet sixteen years old, said he should not have it. 
The night before it was to be cut down, they went in the 
dark, bored several holes in the tree, and tilled them with 
gunpowder. Tlien, lighting a slow-match, they blew the 
tree to pieces. So his Majesty's sloop-of-war had to go 
without a spar. 



LESSON XXXIV. 

WASHINGTON'S RETREAT.— TRENTON.— 
PRINCETON 

1. Retreat of Washington from New York. — 

We left Washington in New York. His army was dis- 
couraged by the defeat on Long Island. One fourth of 
the men were sick. He could not hope to repel the Brit- 
ish, who were preparing to cross from Long Island and 
attack the city. The only course left him was to retreat, 
and accordingly he drew off his men to the north. The 
British immediately took possession of the city. They 
retained it till the end of the war. Howe, with most of 
his army, kept on in pursuit of Washington. 

2. Washington felt hardly strong enough to risk a bat- 
tle. He retreated as his enemy advanced, but so slowly 
that frequent skirmishes took place. At last a battle was 



1776J BATTLE OF TRENTON. 107 

fought at AYliite Plains, witliout any decided advantage 
to either party. After this Washington took his army 
across the Hudson River, to New Jersey, leaving nearly 
three thousand of his best men in Fort Washington. 
The British made a spirited attack on this post, and the 
garrison had to surrender. Washington is said to have 
wept, as from the other side of the river he saw his men 
falling beneath the British bayonets. 

3. The loss of Fort Washington and its garrison was 
the heaviest blow the patriots had yet received. Lord 
Comwallis [corn-woriis] immediately set out in pursuit 
of the American army, now much reduced in size. Sadly 
this little band retreated across J^ew Jersey. Many of 
them, ragged and bare-footed, left their blood-stained 
tracks on the frozen ground. The British pressed on hotly 
in pursuit. But Washington reached the Delaware River, 
secured all the boats for " many miles, and went over into 
Pennsylvania with his suffering men. Unable to cross 
the Delaware, Comwallis resolved to wait till it should 
be frozen over. Di\ading his army, he stationed detach- 
ments at Trenton, Princeton, and other points. 

4. Washington's Victory at Trenton. — Wash- 
ington now saw he must do something to encourage his 
men. He resolved to cross the Delaware, and surprise a 
large body of Hessians stationed at Trenton. Christmas 
night was chosen for the attempt, as a time when they 
would likely be carousing, and off their guard. The night 
was dark and bitterly cold. The Delaware was full of 
ice. Part of the Americans, however, succeeded in get- 
ting across. They completely surprised the Hessians, who 
at once threw down their arms. 

5. Washington durst not remain at Trenton, for he 
knew the British from the posts around would soon be 



108 



BATTLE OF PRINCETON. 



[1776 



upon him. So he immediately recrossed into Pennsylva- 
nia with his prisoners. In gaining this glorious victory, 
he lost only four men, two of whom were frozen to death. 
The British, who had thought the Revolution was almost 
at an end, now found they were mistaken. 

6. Battle of Princeton. — A few days after this 
victory, Washington again crossed the Delaware to Tren- 
ton. Cornwallis, anxious 
for a battle, soon made 
his appearance. Night 
was near at hand, and, 
after some skirmishing, 
both parties rested on 
their arms. Washington 
felt he was no match 
for Cornwallis, and de- 
termined to disappoint 
him. Leaving his fires 
burning, and posting a 
sentinel here and tliere, 
to deceive the enemy, he noiselessly withdrew his men 
in the night, and marched to Princeton, to surprise the 
British stationed there. When CornwalKs woke the next 
morning, he could see no enemy. He had been out- 
generalled. 

Y. Washington did not surprise the British at Prince- 
ton, for he met them already on the march to join Corn- 
wallis. A battle ensued. At first the Americans, having 
no bayonets, gave way. But Washington placed liimseK 
before the advancing British, and his men rallied to 
support their beloved chief. The British were re- 
pulsed. Washington had gained another victory. He 
led his men, exhausted as they were by want of food 




Battle-fields in New Jersey. 



1777] BURGOYNE'3 CAMPAIGN. 109 

and sleep, to Morristown, and there fixed liis winter- 
quarters. 

8. Washington's men suffered much at Morristown 
from cold and sickness, during the winter of 1777. The 
small-pox broke out among them, and many died. The 
people of the place were true patriots, and did all they 
could to relieve the suffering soldiers. They gave them 
the best they had, saying, *' Nothing is too good for those 
who fight for our country." Washington sent out several 
expeditions in the course of the winter, and recovered 
nearly the whole of Jersey. 

9. Cornwalhs's army was much larger tlian Washing- 
ton's. It was feared, if he knew this, he would fall upon 
Morristown. So the Americans had recourse to a strata- 
gem to deceive him. There was a man in the camp, 
whom they suspected of being a Biitish spy. A false 
statement was made out of the men and ammunition at 
Morristown, representing the Americans as much better 
off than tliey really were. An ofiicer, as if by chance, 
left the paper on a table by which the suspected spy was 
sitting, and went out for a few moments. On his return, 
both the paper and the spy were missing. They no doubt 
found their way to Comwallis, and misled him as to the 
strength of the Americans. 



LESSON XXXV. 

BURGOVNE'S CAMPAIGN 

1. Invasion of New York by Bnrgoyne. — In 

1777, another powerful British army took the field, under 
the command of Greneral Burgoyne. Starting from Can- 



110 BURGOYNE'S CAMPAIGN. [1777 

ada, BurgojTie invaded the state of New York. On the 
bank of Lake Champlain, he gave a great war-feast to a 
number of Indians, many of whom joined his arm j. Ti- 
conderoga and Fort Edward were taken in succession. 
The Americans who had garrisoned these posts, fell back 
as Burgoyne advanced. To delay his march, bridges were 
broken down, and the roads obstructed. 

2. The northern American army was commanded by 
General Schuyler {_ski'ler\. One night, when the general 
was preparing to retire to bed in his own house, a servant, 
passing into the room, caught a glimpse of a figure con- 
cealed behind the door. Pretending not to notice it, she 
managed to tell her master in an undertone what she had 
seen. An alarm was raised. The person fled, but was 
overtaken by the guard. It was an Indian, who had hid- 
den himself behind the door to murder the general. 

3. Before leaving Canada, Burgoyne had sent a large 
detachment to overrun the western part of E'ew York. 
This force met with a brave resistance at Fort Stanwix. 
The American general, Herkimer, advanced wdth some 
militia-men to relieve this fort. He fell into an ambus- 
cade, and, early in the action, received a wound in the leg. 
Seated on a hillock, he continued to give his orders. 
While the enemy's balls were falling round him, he coolly 
drew his pipe from his pocket, Hghted it, and commenced 
smoking, while he directed the movements of his men. 
They fought bravely, but were utterly defeated. 

4. The fort still held out, and Arnold, with a detach- 
ment from Schuylei-'s army, undertook to relieve it. 
When a short distance from the British, Arnold contrived 
to get a report spread among them that a large body of 
Americans was within a few hours march of their camp. 
A panic seized them, and regulars, tories, and Indians, 



1777] 



BATTLE OF BENNINGTON. 



Ill 



were soon iu full flight. Tents, baggage, provisions, and 
artillery, were left behind. The besieging force was 
broken ii]^, and the fort was saved. 

5. Battle of Bennington. — A second detach- 
ment was sent by Burgoyne to Bennington, Vermont, to 





Battle-field of Bennington. 

capture the stores de- 
posited there. General 
Stark met them with some 
brave militia-men, hastily 
collected. When he saw 
the British forming for battle. Stark thus address'ed his 
troops : — " See men ! There are the redcoats. We must 
beat them to-day, or Molly Stark's a widow ! " And they 
did beat the red-coats. Six hundred of the British were 
taken prisoners. 

6. Among Stark's men was a minister, who wanted to 
fight, but had conscientious scruples about doing so till he 



^^K.^T/^Pv'^' 



112 BATTLES OF STILLWATER. [1777 

had invited the enemy to surrender. So, going near their 
camp before the battle, he commenced preaching to them, 
and nrging them to lay down their arms. A volley of 
musketry was the reply. " ]^ow give me a gun," said the 
minister to a friend who had accompanied him. The way 
he handled his gun in the battle showed that he had quite 
overcome his conscientious scruples. 

7. Burgoyne had depended much on these two expe- 
ditions. Their failure was a severe blow. The Indians 
became discouraged and departed. The tories were afraid 
to join him. Provisions grew scarce. The Americans 
carefully removed their cattle and every thing that could 
be of use to his army. Mrs. Schuyler, by her husband's 
orders, set fire to her own fields of grain, to prevent their 
falling into the hands of the enemy. Meanwhile, the 
farmers of New York and New England were pouring 
into the American camp. 

8. Battles of Stillwater. — Just at this time. Con- 
gress unjustly removed Schuyler from the command of 
the northern army, and appointed General Gates in his 
stead. Deeply wounded as he was by this injustice, 
Schuyler did not resent it. Gates determined to make 
a stand on the west bank of the Hudson, and erected 
fortifications there. Burgoyne could go no farther with- 
out giving battle. This he resolved to do. On the 19th 
of September, 1777, the first battle of Stillwater was 
fought. The action was most severe and lasted till night. 
Though neither party gained a decided victory, the Ameri- 
cans had the advantage. 

9. Burgojme was now in greater danger than ever. 
He had sent for aid to the British general at New York, 
but had received no answer. Again he must either starve 
or fight. He resolved on another engagement, and on the 



1777] SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE. 113 

Tth of October the second battle of Stillwater took place. 
This time the Americans were completely victorious. 
Morgan, \\A\h his riflemen, and Arnold, whom you have 
heard of before, repelled the furious charges of the 
British, and drove them from their ground. In vain 
Burgoyne strove to rally his men. The Americans were 
left in possession of the field. 

10. As soon as night set in, Burgoyne fell back on 
Saratoga. He hoped to be able to retreat. But it was 
too late ; he was hemmed in on all sides. His messages 
to General Clinton were still unanswered. ]N"o other 
course was left than to surrender. This he did. All 
his men, nearly six thousand in number, laid down their 
arms, and gave up their baggage, cannon, and ammuni- 
tion, at Saratoga. What rejoicings there were through- 
out the country over the glorious news that Burgoyne's 
great army had surrendered to the " rebels " it had come 
to crush ! 



LESSON XXXVI. 

BRAND V WINE.— GERM ANTO WN.— VALLE Y FORGE. 

1. Howe's Advance on Philadelphia.— While 

these events were going on in the north, Washington was 
trying to keep General Howe in check. Unable to bring 
Washington to an engagement in ^ew Jersey, Howe had 
put to sea with eighteen thousand men. He landed on 
the Elk Kiver, about fifty miles from Philadelphia, and 
commenced marching toward that city. Congress was in 
session at Philadelphia, and Washington wanted to save 
the city if he could. He had only eight thousand men fit 
for service, but with these he met the British at Brandy- 



114 BATTLE OF GERMANTOWN. [1777 

wine. Tlie Americans were defeated. Congress liad to 
leave Philadelphia. Howe entered the city in triumph, 

2. Among those who fought bravely at Brand jwdne 
was La Fayette \lah fa-ef]. This young French noble 
had left his home and friends, and come over to help the 
Americans fight for freedom. His family objected to his 
coming. But La Fayette, without their knowledge, bought 
a vessel, and with a few noble hearts hke himself succeeded 
in reaching America. Congress made him a general, and 
he became the bosom friend of Washington. 

3. Wasliin^on's Defeat at Germaiitowii. — 
The British were now in pleasant quarters in and around 
Philadelphia. A large division was stationed at German- 
town, six miles from the cit}^ This force Washington 
tried to sur23rise, October 4th, 1777. At first victory 
inclined to the Americans. But some of the men failed 
to obey orders, and a thick fog arose, which gave the 
British a chance to rally. The Americans were defeated 
with considerable loss. Cold weather soon set in, and 
Washington led his men into winter- quarters at Yalley 
Forge, about twenty miles from Philadelphia. 

4. An amusing incident took ^\^qq at the battle of 
Germantown. General Greene, who commanded one 
division of the Americans, had by his side a major, 
who woi^ his hair down his back in a cue. While the 
firing was at its height, a bullet carried off the major's 
cue. " Don't be in a hurry, major," said Greene ; '' just 
get dowm and pick up your cue." The major very coolly 
did so. Presently another ball came along, and cut off 
one of General Greene's curls. '^ Kow, general," said the 
major, '' it's your turn. Just dismount and get your curl." 
But the general preferred letting his curl go. 

5. Washington's men suffered intensely at Valley 



1777] BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 115 

Forge. A great part of them could not mov^e out of 
their huts for want of clothes. Many had no shoes. 
Some were w^ithout blankets, and had to rest at night 
in their rags on the bare frozen ground. Sickness set 
in. Food could hardly be obtained. Most of the people 
in the neighborhood were tories, who sold their produce 
to the British at high prices. Washington had no gold 
or silver, and the paper money issued by Congress was 
worth but little. This was indeed a trying hour. 

6. There were some kind hearts, however, that felt for 
the poor American soldiers. One devoted woman, Mary 
Knight, used to cook provisions for them, and carry them 
herself to the camp in the depth of winter, disguised as a 
market-woman, that she might pass the British outposts. 
Her brother was a general in the American army. The 
British set a price upon his head ; but this brave woman 
saved him by heading him up in an empty cider hogshead 
in the cellar, and feeding him through the bung-hole. 
He stayed there three days, and the British searched 
the house four times for him without success. 

7. While things looked thus gloomy, a joyful piece of 
news reached the camp. It was that France had acknowl- 
edged the independence of the United States, and would 
help them against England. This was brought about 
chiefly through the efforts of Benjamin Franklin. 
Tills great man was the son of a candle-maker. In his 
youth, his father employed him in cutting wicks and 
filling candle-molds. But he longed for knowledge. lie 
would even deny himseK sleep, that he might read and 
study. After learning the art of printing, he left his 
home and set out to make his fortune. 

8. FrankUn found himself in Philadelphia with a 
single dollar in his pocket. For a time he had hard 



116 BATTLE OF MONMOUTH. [1778 

work to get along. But he was very frugal. He lived 
on gruel ; and, when his landlady informed him she could 
not afford to board him any longer at the price he was 
paying, he told her she must make the gruel thinner. 
Franklin became a great writer and philosopher. His 
name was honored in Em-ope, and in his own country he 
was revered as a true-hearted patriot. 



LESSON XXXVII. 

MONMOUTH.— WYOMING.— MOVEMENTS IN THE 
SOUTH. 

1. Battle of Monmouth. — In the spring of 1778, 
Howe returned to England, and General Clinton took 
command of the British forces. Clinton had orders to 
evacuate Philadelphia and lead his men to JN'ew York. 
To do this, he had to cross J^ew Jersey. Washington 
was soon in pursuit. His army was not half so large 
as CUnton's, and most of his officers thought it would be 
imprudent to risk an engagement. Washington thought 
otherwise ; and at Monmouth, New Jersey, he gave battle 
to Clinton. 

2. General Lee was to commence the attack with an 
advanced division. What w^as Washington's dismay, when, 
on coming up with the main force, he found this division 
retreating without having struck a blow ! He at once 
stopped them, and posted his men in such a way that the 
British were checked. The action continued till night, 
with advantage to the Americans. They rested on their 
arms, expecting to renew the battle in the morning. 
Washington slept on the field in his cloak. But, when 



1778] MASSACRE OF WYOMING. II7 

day dawned, no British were to be seen. Tliey had 
silently dej^arted for Xew York. 

3. On the day of the battle the heat was intense. 
Many of the British soldiers died from its effects. When 
Monmouth is mentioned, the name of Molly Pitcher must 
not be forgotten. Her husband served at one of the 
American cannon. While she was bringing him water 
from a spring, a ball struck him, and he fell. There was 
no one to manage his gun. Springing forward, she took 
his place, and performed her duty in the most heroic 
manner. Washington appointed her a sergeant in the 
army, and she was afterward well kno\vn as "Captain 
Molly." 

4. Wyoming Massacre. — The Indians, bribed by 
the British, had from time to time during the war given 
trouble on the frontier. In the summer of "1TT8, in 
company with a band of tories, they made a descent 




MONITMliNT AT WYOMING, COMMEMOKATING THE MaSSACBE. 

on Wy-o^ming. This was a flourishing settlement in a 
lovely valley in Pennsylvania. Most of the men were 
away, fighting for their country. Those who remained, 



118 MOVEMENTS IN THE SOUTH. [1778 

hearing of their danger, quickly armed themselves, and 
assembled in a fort with the women and children. When 
the tories and Indians were near the fort, a small force 
sallied forth to meet them, but it was beaten back and 
fled in confusion. Those who w^ere made prisoners were 
put to death with horrible tortures. 

5. The next day the enemy surrounded the fort. After 
holding out till many of his men had fallen, the com- 
mander surrendered on tlie promise that those within 
should be spared and their property protected. But 
the Indians soon set restraint at deiiance, burning and 
plundering far and near. The peoj^le of the neighbor- 
hood were obliged to flee over the mountains, to the 
nearest settlements. Many perished from exposure and 
starvation. The whole valley was desolate. 

6. Fall of Savannali and Charleston. — Late in 
the year 1778, the British commenced operations in the 
south. They took Savannah (see map, p. Yo), and over- 
ran the eastern part of Georgia, robbing the whig families, 
and spreading terror in their path. A French fleet con- 
taining a body of troops having arrived off the coast, 
General Lincoln hastened to join them in attacking 
Savannah. The French would not wait to besiege the 
city ; so it was resolved to storai it. Though the attack 
was bravely made, the Americans and French were driven 
back with loss. The brave Jasper lost his life in trying to 
save the flag of his regiment. 

7. The patriots of the south suffered a still more 
serious reverse the next year. A strong force of British 
collected around Charleston, which was defended by Gen- 
eral Lincoln, with a large army. The Americans held out 
tin their houses were nearly battered down by the British 
cannon, but were obliged to yield at last. Five thousand 



1779] COLONEL WHITE'S ADVENTURE. ng 

men, with stores and artillery, thus fell into the hands of 
the enemy. 

8. One of the British posts in Georgia was held by a 
Captain French, with forty men and live vessels. Colonel 
AVhite, with four men, set out to capture them. Near the 
British post they kindled a number of fires, as if a large 
camp were there, and then, quickly riding round, gave 
various orders in a loud tone of voice, as if they were 
directing the movements of a large army. They com- 
pletely deceived Captain French, who thought there was 
no use of attempting to resist such a host, and surrendered 
his men and vessels. 

9. But how were the five men to secure their prison- 
ers ? There was danger that the latter would discover the 
artifice, and overwhelm them with numbers. So Colonel 
White told them that his men were very angry at the 
British on account of their outrages, and that they had 
better keej) out of sigiit. He would send them ahead 
with three or four of his men as guides, while he remained 
to restrain his army. Then, hastening off, he collected the 
militia of the neighborhood, Avho soon overtook the others, 
and led the British in triumph to the nearest American 
post. 



LESSON XXXVIII. 
PAUL JONES.— FRANCIS MARION. 

1. On the ocean, the United States could do but 
little against the great navy of England. Many fast- 
sailing little vessels, however, were armed and sent out 
by private persons. They were called privateers. Cruis- 
ing wherever there was a chance of taking a prize, they 



120 PAUL JONES. [1779 

were of great service in cutting off English mercliant- 
vessels, capturing stores, etc. Congress managed from 
time to time to procure a few vessels. These were in- 
trusted to skilful conmianders, who gained some impor- 
tant victories. Among the most famous of these com- 
manders was Paul Jones. 

2. Paul Jones was the son of a Scottish gardener. 
From early boyhood he was fond of the sea. After mak- 
ing various voyages, he settled in Virginia. When the 
Revolution broke out, he walked to Philadelphia and 
offered his services to Congress„ They were accepted, 
and he had the honor of hoisting the first flag that ever 
floated over an American man-of-war. It was of yellow 
silk, and bore the device of a pine-tree and a rattlesnake, 
with the words " DonH tread on me." Jones was soon off 
to Kova Scotia, running into the harbors, destroying the 
shipping, and capturing prizes. 

3. Jones afterward cruised about the English coasts, 
to repay the enemy for their outrages in American ports. 
He was so successful in his descents that his very name 
became a terror. At one point of the coast, when his 
dreaded vessel was seen in the offing, the minister went 
down with his congregation to the shore, and made a 
strange but fervent prayer for deliverance. Soon after- 
ward the wind rose, white caps a^^peared on the sea, and 
Jones had to change his course, — owing, as the people 
believed, to their minister's prayer. 

4. Jones's most famous battle was with the British 
frigate Serapis (SejDtember, 1779). After one of the most 
terrible actions ever fought, the British struck their colors. 
Finding his vessel sinking, Jones took his men on board 
of the Serapis. She was on fire, but he succeeded in sav- 
ing her. The captain of the Serapis was made a knight 



1779] PARTISAN WARFARE IN THE SOUTH. 121 

by the King for his bravery in this battle^ "Well, he 
deserved it," said Paul Jones ; " and, if I fall in with him 
again, I'll make a lord of him." 

5. DmT^ng the winter of 1778-9, General Putnam was 
stationed witli some troops in Connecticut. Early one 
morning, while shaving, he saw in the looking-glass a 
body of red-coats coming up the road. Throwing down 
his razor, he buckled on his sword, mounted his horse, 
and roused his men. But they were too few to oppose 
the enemy, and the order was given to retreat. 

6. The soldiers fled in diii'erent directions. Putnam 
found himself, hotly pursued by some dragoons, at the top 
of a steep descent, consisting of about a hundred steps, cut 
in the rock for the convenience of those who attended 
church on the hill. Down this perilous descent he dashed, 
turning to wave defiance at the dragoons, w^ho durst not 
follow. They fired at him, but he escaped with a bullet 
through his hat. 

7. The Conflict in the Soutli.— We left the 
British in possession of Savannah and Charleston. Send- 
ing out parties, they soon overran the whole of South 
Carolina. The people were required to acknowledge the 
King's authority. But even those who did so were often 
robbed and driven from their homes. Such outrages 
roused many of the brave people of Carolina. They 
formed small parties, took to the swamps and woods, and 
resolved to fight till their country was free. Wherever a 
British detachment was to be cut off, or a band of tories 
to be dispersed, they appeared when least expected. They 
often went into battle with only three charges of powder 
apiece. Some were without guns, and would have to wait 
for those of their companions who fell. 

8. No braver men ever lived than the leaders of these 



122 PARTISAN WARFARE IN THE SOUTH. [1779 

parties. Among them were Sumter, called from his 
courage " the Carolina Game-cock," and Marion, the cun- 
ning " Swamj) Fox." Marion was one of the heroes of 
the palmetto fort. He was also in Charleston under Lin- 
coln, and escaped being taken by a singular accident. 
Shortly after the enemy appeared, he was dining with 
some friends, who insisted on his drinking with them to 
excess. To avoid doing so, he jumped to the street from 
the second-story window, and broke his ankle. Unfit for 
duty, he was conveyed from the city by a road that was 
^ still open, and thus escaped to serve his country. 

9. Marion and his men were the terror of the British 
and tories. They seemed to rest neither day nor night. 
Making tlieir home in forests which the enemy could not 
penetrate, they lived on what scanty food they could there 
procure. A British officer once visited Marion, to arrange 
for an exchange of prisoners. He was invited to stay to 
dinner, and presently a few roasted sweet potatoes were 
brought in on a shingle. The officer could hardly believe 
that this was all his dreaded enemy had to live on. On 
his return, he resigned his commission in the British 
army, saying that sucli men could not be subdued. 

10. The high-souled women of Carolina did their part 
also. They tried to provide their brave defenders with 
clothes, and keep them informed of the enemy's move- 
ments. To save a party of whigs, a Miss Moore, only 
fifteen years old, set out in a boat at night, with her little 
brother and a female friend, and, after rowing for miles 
at the risk of her life, delivered her message and returned. 
In one district, a company of young women went round 
in harvest-time to the different farms, and, wherever they 
found that the owner was away, fighting for his country, 
they cut and garnered his grain. 



1780] MARION AND HIS MEN. 123 

LESSON XXXIX. 

HANGING ROCK.— CAMDEN.— ARNOLD' S TREASON 

1. Marion and his men met wdth many an adven- 
ture. The famous leader was once nearly surrounded in a 
eom-field by British dragoons. His only chance of escape 
lay in leaping a fence seven feet high, with a wide ditch 
beyond it. The dragoons thought they had caught the 
Swamp Fox at last. What was their surprise, when his 
horse made the leap in gallant style, cleared fence and 
ditch, and bore his master safely off into an adjoining 
thicket ! 

2. Among Marion's bravest followers were Colonel 
Horry and Captain Baxter. In one of their battles, Bax- 
ter cried out, "I am wounded, colonel." "iS'o matter, 
Baxter," answered Horry ; " stand to your post." -' But 
I can't stand,'' said Baxter; ''I am wounded a second 
time." " Lie down, then, captain, but quit not your post." 
" They have shot me again," cried Baxter ; " and, if I 
stay here any longer, I shall be shot to pieces." " Well, 
Baxter, be it so, but stir not," was Horry's reply : — and 
the order was obeyed, though the wounded man was shot 
a fourth time during the battle. 

3. At last Congress sent an army to the south, under 
General Gates. Gates marched toward Camden, one of 
the chief posts of the British. As he approached, the 
hopes of the patriots revived. A number of farmers took 
the field, and defeated a large detachment of the enemy 
at Hanging Rock. 

4. The powder used by the Americans in this battle 
had been stored in a house occupied by one of the patri- 
ots, with his wife and mother-in-law. Shortlv before the 



124 BATTLE OF CAMDEN. [1780 

battle, a party of British surrounded tlie house, and com- 
menced attacking it. The two women loaded guns, while 
the man fired them, with such rapidity that the British 
thought a large body of troops was posted there, and gave 
up the attack. Thus tlie powder was saved. 

5. Defeat of Gates at Gamden. — On the 15th of 
August, 1780, Gates drew up his men, and late at night 
set out for Camden to surprise the enemy. Strangely 
enough, the British, without knowing of this movement, 
were on the march to surprise Gates. The two armies 
met and joined battle. Early in the engagement, some 
of the Americans gave way, and the result was a total de- 
feat. Great quantities of stores were taken by the British. 
Gates could not rally his men. His army was completely 
broken up. Shortly after this, Congress removed Gates 
from the command of the southern army, and appointed 
General Greene in his stead. 

6. The whole state was now at the mercy of the Eng- 
Ksh. Congress wanted to send an army into the field, but 
could not do so for want of funds. They had kept issuing 
paper money ; and now there was so much of it out that 
people lost faith in its value, and passed it for very little. 
It took six hundred dollars of it to buy a pair of boots. 
The pay of an ofiicer would hardly keep his horse in oats. 
It is not strange that Congress found it difficult to raise 
soldiers. 

Y. The Traitor Arnold. — Meanwhile, Washing- 
ton's army in the north was in so wretched a state that he 
could do nothing. Every thing looked gloomy ; and, to 
make matters worse, a treacherous blow was just at this 
time aimed at the patriot cause. Arnold, whose bravery 
at Quebec and Stillwater you have read of, became a trai- 
tor. He was in command of a strong fortress that had 



1780] 



ARNOLD'S TREASON. 



125 



been built by the Americans at West Point. This post 
he offered to betray to the British, on condition that they 




FOUR DOLLARS. 

THIS Bill entitles the 
Bearer to receiv^e 
Four Spanijli milled Dol- 
lars, or the Value there- 
of ill Gold ov Silver , ac- 
cording to aRcfolutioti 
of CONGRESS, paired 
at Philadelphia Fcbrua- 



FOUR DOLLARS. 




A Continental Bill. 

would make him a general in their army, and give him 
about fifty thousand dollars. 

8. Major Andre, an accomplished British oflScer, was 
sent up from New York to arrange the terms with Arnold. 
He came within the American lines, and, having agreed 
with the traitor and received the necessary papers, set out 
on his return. When he had almost reached the British 
outposts, he was stopped by three American militia-men. 
On examining him, they found the papers in his stock- 
ings. Refusing an offer of ten thousand guineas to let 
him go, these honest patriots took their prisoner to the 
nearest American post. After a fair trial, he was hanged 
as a spy. 

9. Arnold heard of Andre's capture in time to escape 



126 KING'S MOUNrAIN.—COWPENS. [1780 

to a British vessel. Receiving his promised rank in the 
British army, he afterward showed his hatred of the patri- 
ots by ravaging diif erent parts of the country. But Brit- 
ish as well as Americans despised him. 

10. Washington was very anxious to capture the trai- 
tor, and a plan was formed for that purpose. A Yirginian 
pretended to desert, and joined Arnold's legion. The trai- 
tor's quarters were then in IN'ew York, near the Hudson 
Biver; and the plan was to seize him, gag him, and take 
him in a boat across to Kew Jersey. Before it could be 
done, Arnold changed his quarters. He was afterward 
sent to lay waste portions of Virginia, and there La Fay- 
ette tried to capture him, but without success. 



LESSON XL. 

THE SOUTHERN CAMPAIGN OF i-jSo-Si. 

1. Battle of King's Mountain. — After his vic- 
tory at Camden, Comwallis proceeded to reduce ^North 
Carolina. He sent a detachment to the mountains, to en- 
roll the tories and frighten the whigs. But the whig 
mountaineers were not easily frightened. They made 
powder for themselves, using tlie nitre they found in the 
caverns, and charcoal burned on their own hearths. Giv- 
ing chase to the British detachment mentioned above, 
they overtook it at King's Mountain, and made the whole 
party prisoners w4th but little loss. 

2. Cowpens. — Greene, on assuming command of 
the southern army, stationed detachments at several im- 
portant points. One of these, under General Morgan, 
was attacked at Cowpens by Tarle'ton, a British officer 



1781] MORGAN AND GREENE'S RETREAT. 127 

famous for his courage and cruelty, Tarleton's men 
charged with their usual fierceness, but were received by 
Morgan's riflemen so firmly that they w^avered. At this 
crisis, a charge from Colonel Washington's cavalry decided 
the day. The Biitish were defeated, with the loss of 
many men and much of their baggage. 

3. As Colonel Washington was charging at full speed 
in this battle, he encountered Tarleton. Both were good 
swordsmen, but Tarleton w^as w^ounded, and had to turn 
and flee. Soon after this, in a gay company, Tarleton 
sneered at the American ofiicers, and said above all he 
should like to see that famous hero. Colonel Washington. 
'^ You might have done so, colonel," answered a whig lady 
who was present, " if you had only looked behind you at 
the battle of Cowpens." 

4. Colonel Washington was as good at stratagem as he 
was brave. He once appeared before a British redoubt, 
which was too strong to be taken without artillery. Hav- 
ing no cannon, he cut a pine log, and mounted it on 
wheels so as to resemble one. Parading this in front of 
his force, he summoned the British to surrender. The 
stratagem succeeded. Frightened by Colonel Washing- 
ton's pine log, they laid down their arms without delay. 

5. Morgan and Greene's Retreat. — Tarleton's 
defeat at Cowpens made Cornwallis very angry. Setting 
out at once in pursuit of Morgan, he reached the Catawba 
River just two hours after the Americans had crossed it. 
. Night was near at hand, and he determined to wait where 
he w^as till morning. During the night a rain set in, and 
swelled the river so that for three days it was impassable. 
Meanwhile, Greene had hastened to help Morgan conduct 
the retreat. When near the army, he entered an inn, 
drenched with rain and almost in despair. His kind 



128 



MORGAN AND GREENE'S RETREAT. 



[1781 



hostess, after preparing liis dinner, brought him all her 
money, and told him to devote it to the cause of free- 
dom. 

6. Greene continued the retreat as rapidly as possible, 
and crossed the Yadkin. Before the British arrived, 
another heavy rain commenced, and the river became 
impassable. Crossing higher up, Comwallis pressed on 

to intercept 




THE 

SOUTHERN 
CAMPA IGN 

1780-81 



the 



Ameri- 
cans before 
they reached 
the Dan. But 
he did not 
succeed. The 
Americans, 
almost sink- 
ing with fa- 
tigue, reached 
the ford first, 
and got across 
in safety. 
Here Corn- 
wallis gave up 
the pursuit. 
We can hard- 
ly form an 
idea of the hardships suffered by the Americans in this 
retreat. Their shoes and clothes were worn out. During 
the whole time, they had eaten but one meal a day, and 
had slept in the open air. 

Y. Guilford Court-House. — As soon as his men 
were rested, Greene again took the field. He followed 
the enemy into North Carolina, and gave them battle at 



1781] PATRIOTISM OF 3IRS. MOTTE. 129 

Guilford Coiirt-Honse. The British had the better in this 
engagement. But their victory was so dearly bought that 
Cornwallis thought it prudent to fall back. He soon after 
took command of the detachment that had been sent out 
under Arnold to ravage Yirginia. This was pleasant work 
for Arnold, Tarleton, and Cornwallis. They managed to 
destroy ten million dollars' worth of j)roperty in the spring 
and summer of 1781. After this, Cornwallis collected his 
forces, and fortified himself at Yorktown, Yirginia. 

8. Meanwhile, Marion and Lee were busy in Carolina. 
They took one British post after another. The patriotism 
of Mrs. Motte, a noble whig lady, is worthy of being 
remembered. A party of British had seized her house. 
Marion and Lee were besieging it, when they heard that 
a large British army was but a few miles off. Rather than 
have them give up the attack, Mrs. Motte insisted on their 
setting tire to her fine house, to dislodge the enemy. It 
was done ; and the British had to hang out a white flag as 
a signal of surrender. 

9. Among other important posts, Georgetown (see 
map, p. 128) fell before Marion and Lee. In the attack 
on this place, the Americans had driven the enemy from 
an enclosure, and the latter advanced to recover it. " Rush 
on ! " said the British leader ; '' they are only worthless 
militia, and have no bayonets." Sergeant Ord immedi- 
ately placed himself in the gate of the enclosure. As the 
British came up, he struck down one after another with 
his sword, crying, " Any bayonets here ? ]^one at all, to 
be sure." The British recoiled before his single arm, and 
gave up the attack. 



130 BATTLE OF EUTAW SPRINGS. [1781 

LESSON XLI. 

EUTAW.— YORKTOWN,— CLOSE OF THE 
REVOLUTION. 

1. Battle of Eutaw Springs. — After the battle 
of Guilford Court-Hoiise, Greene marched into South 
Carolina, against the army which Cornwallis had left 
there to keep the patriots in check. Pie met with a 
reverse at Hobkirk's Hill, but, with the aid of Marion, 
Lee, Sumter, and Pickens, most of the state was soon 
recovered from the British. Greene at last gave battle 
to the main body of the enemy at Eutaw Springs. Both 
parties fought mth desperate courage. 

2. During the battle, a party of British retired into a 
brick dwelling, and closed the doors so quickly as to shut 
out one of their own officers. As the Americans came 
up to the attack, he pompously presented himself to their 
colonel, enumerating all his titles. "Sir, I am deputy 
adjutant-general of the British army, secretary of the 
commander, captain of the 52nd regiment — " " Enough," 
interrupted the colonel ; " you are just the man I was 
looking for. I'll take good care of you ; " and holding 
his prisoner between himself and the British guns, he 
screened his person till he had accomplished what he 
wanted, and retired out of danger. 

3. The British gave way before the steady courage of 
Greene's men. The latter, thinking the battle was over, 
fell upon the captured stores. Seeing them thus em- 
ployed, the enemy rallied and renewed the attack. The 
Americans were taken by surprise, but Greene succeeded 
in drawing off his men with some loss. The British had 
suffered so much, that the next day their commander 
destroyed his stores and returned to Charleston. 



1781] 



SIEGE OF YORKTOWX. 



131 



4. Siege of Yorktown. — A French fleet, sent over 
to aid the Americans, arrived off the coast of Virginia in 
the snmmer of 1781. Washington had been threatening 
the British army in Kew York. IS'ow, however, he 
marched rapidly to the sonth, to join the French in 
surrounding Cornwallis. General CHnton, who com- 
manded in l!^ew York, did not discover this movement 
till it was too late to prevent it. La Fayette's division 
was already in Virginia. Toward the close of September, 
the French and American 

annies invested Yorktown, 
and a heavy fire was opened 
from their batteries. 

5. Breaches were soon 
made in the British works. 
Cornwallis tried a sally, but 
was driven back into his 
fortifications. He then 
attempted to convey his 
men bv nio:ht across the 




York Eiver, with the in- 



^ 

/^^^,^^__ 



tention of forcing his way 
through the French lines 
at the opposite point, and 

hastening to join Clinton at Xew York. One division 
crossed the river in safety ; but a furious storm set in, 
and the rest were unable to join them. Those who had 
landed, after a severe drenching, were brought back in 
the morning, and no further efforts to escape were made. 
6. Cornwallis's only hope now lay in aid from Clinton. 
He held out as long as he could ; but the alHed aruiies 
brought their batteries closer and closer, and on the 19th 
of October he found it necessary to surrender. Over 



132 END OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. [1781 

seven thousand British soldiers laid doAvn their arms. 
Washington generously tried to avoid wounding the feel- 
ings of the enemy. Before they appeared on the field, he 
rode up to his men, as they were drawn up in line, and 
said : " My boys, let there be no insults over a conquered 
foe. When they lay down their arms, don't huzzah. 
Posterity will huzzah for you." That same day, Clinton 
set out to relieve Cornw^allis, with a strong force of ships 
and men. Learning that he was too late, when off the 
coast of Yirginia, he sailed back to I^ew York. 

7. The news of the surrender of Cornwallis 
was everywhere hailed with delight. The old state-house 
bell at Philadelphia rang to announce the joyful tidings. 
Many were so overcome that they could only weep. The 
aged door-keeper of Congress died from excess of joy. 
Washington did not forget to ascribe his success to a mer- 
ciful Providence ; and the troops united in returning 
thanks to the God of battles. 

8. Peace. — The surrender of Cornwallis put an end 
to the Revolutionary War. The King and Parliament 
found it was useless to try to conquer men who would 
fight in rags, and on one poor meal a day, rather than lose 
their freedom. Commissioners from both countries met 
at Paris. The independence of the United States was 
acknow^ledged by Great Britain, and peace was established. 
The British army received orders to evacuate New York, 
and this w^as done on the 25th of November, 1783. 
" Evacuation day " is still kej)t in New York. 

9. While the American army was lying unemployed, 
a new danger arose. Both officers and men complained 
loudly of Congress for not paying them according to 
agreement. They even went so far as to threaten vio- 
lence, and offered to make Washington a king. Grieved 



1783 J DIFFICULTIES OF THE GOVERNMENT. 133 

at tlie display of such a spirit, Washington nobly rejected 
their offer; he dissuaded them from violence, and urged ^ 
Congress to make provision for meeting their demands. 

10. Disbanding tlie Army. — On the estabhsh- 
ment of peace, the army, througli Washington's efforts, 
was quietly disbanded. Many a poor soldier left for home 
without a penny in his pocket. In December, 1783, 
Washington took leave of his officers. It was hard for 
those to part, who had labored and suffered so long to- 
gether. With a full heart, one after another shook the 
hand of his revered commander. Then, surrendering his 
commission to Congress, the great leader of the Revolu- 
tion retired to private life at Mount Yernon, on the bank 
of the Potomac (see map, p. 78). 



LESSON XLII. 

FORMATION OF A CONSTITUTION. 

1. Political Troubles. — Shortly after the surren- 
der of Cornwallis, Washington, accompanied by La Fay- 
ette and other officers, went to visit his mother. Six 
years had passed since they had met, and now he came 
the nation's idol. While a great procession paraded 
through the place in honor of the illustrious visitors, Mrs. 
Washington remained quietly at home, preparing her 
yarn. " I am glad to see you, George," were her first 
words when Washington entered her house ; " you have 
altered considerably." The next day La Fayette called on 
her, and spoke in glowing terms of her son's greatness. 
" I am not surprised," she answered, " for George always 
was a good boy." 

2. The war had ceased. The United States were free. 




THE OEIGINAli 

,5__ UNITED STATES 
1783 



1786] FORMATION OF A CONSTITUTION. 135 

But they were still surronuded with great difficulties. 
They owed an immense debt to foreign governments, as 
well as to their o^vn soldiers and officers. How was this 
to be paid? Congress had no money, and no power to 
raise any from the different states, which considered them- 
selves independent, and looked with jealousy on each 
other and on the general government. England, too, com- 
plained that her merchants could not collect what was 
owed to them in America. It seemed at one time as if 
the war would be renewed. 

3. The people continued to suffer. All kinds of busi- 
ness were dull. The taxes laid in some of the states, 
though light in themselves, were looked upon as a burden, 
because money was so scarce. In Massachusetts, a number 
of people rose in arms and resisted the government. 
Shays, who had been a captain in the Revolution, took 
command of them, and the movement was called Shays' 
Eebellion. For a time they gave some trouble ; but the 
militia were called out, and Shays and his men found it 
best to submit. The ringleaders came near being hanged, 
but were finally let off. 

4. Formation of a Constitution. — It was clear 
that some stronger government was needed. Accordingly, 
a meeting of delegates from each state was called, for the 
purpose of drawing up a constitution. In May, 1787, the 
convention met at the same old state-house in Philadelphia 
in which the Declaration of Independence had been 
signed. It contained the wisest men in the country. 
Washington was elected its president. 

5. Different points were sharply discussed by the mem- 
bers. It was hard to please all. At one time it seemed 
as if they would be unable to agree on a constitution. At 
length Benjamin Franklin, now an old man, but as firm 



136 PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION. [1788 

a friend of his country as ever, proposed that the clergy 
of the city should be invited to offer prayer for divine 
guidance every morning before they began their labors. 
It was done. Greater harmony then prevailed. One 
gave up one point, and another another. At last our glo- 
rious constitution was completed. 

6. The constitution was then submitted to the differ- 
ent states. Some found fault with it; but Alexander 
Hamilton, of New York, and James Madison, of Virginia, 
defended it from all attacks. It was soon ratified by most 
of the states. Within three years all had accepted it. It 
is still (with certain amendments since made) the law of 
the land. 

7. According to the constitution of the United 
States, all laws for the country at large have to be 
passed by tw^o houses. They are called the Senate and 
the House of Representatives. Together they are known 
as the Congress of the United States. They meet once 
every year. The senators are elected by the legislatures 
of the different states ; the representatives, by the people. 
The laws are interpreted by Judges, w^ho form what is 
called the Supreme Court of the United States. The 
laws are executed by a President, chosen once in four 
years by electors who are themselves chosen by the people. 

8. The President can veto a law passed by Congress. 
It is then null, unless two-thirds of both houses again vote 
for it. The President is commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy. He appoints various officers and makes trea- 
ties, subject to the approval of the senate. At the same 
time with the President, a Yice-president is elected, who, 
if the President dies or is disabled, takes his place. Each 
state is independent and supreme in matters that con- 
cern itself alone. It is only in affairs connected witli 



1789] WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION 137 

the coimtrj at large that the general government has 
power. 

9. Under the new constitution, Washington was elect- 
ed President. All looked to him as the only one that 
could rescne the country from the dangers that threatened 
it. Again, at his country's call, he left his quiet home at 
Mount Vernon. His journey to New York showed how 
the people loved him. Crowds flocked about him, de- 
lighting to do him honor. On the 30th of April, 1789, he 
took the oath of oflice and became the first President of 
the United States. 



LESSON XLIII. 

WASHINGTON'S TWO TERMS. 

1. The First President. — The first thing to be 
done was to find some way of paying the public debt. 
This was a hard task, but it was intrusted to a man of 
genius, Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton gave all the 
powers of his great mind to the subject. He devised 
means for gradually meeting a great part of the debt. 
By his advice. Congress chartered a United States Bank 
with a large capital. People once more began to put 
faith in the government, and business soon became brisk. 

2. Indian Wars. — The next difiiculty was with the 
Indians in the west. Even before the Revolution, some 
adventurous hunters had pushed out from Virginia and 
Carolina beyond the mountains, and made homes for 
themselves in the wilderness. The famous Daniel Boone, 
with five companions, had settled in what is now Ken- 
tucky. His wife and daughter were the first white 
women that set foot on the bank of the Kentucky 



138 



WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1789 



Eiver. Many a stirring adventure had Boone and such 
as he,— many a hair-breadtli escape from the wild beasts, 
and the wilder Ked Men, of the forest ! 

3. One of these pioneer posts was called Bryan Station. 
In 1782, a party ,^^^7: 

of Indians tried to T f /' f i 

surprise its garri- 
son. Lying in am- 
bush near the fort, 
they waited for the 
men to come out ; 
but the cunning 
hunters had seen 
signs of the foe, 
and kept within 
the palisades. Un- 








~'r:<^^^, 



i^-^ 






fortunately 

their water 

gave out; 

and, if they 

went to the 

spring, they 

were sure the 

Indians would 

shoot them 

down and 

make a rush for the fort. At this crisis, the brave women 

at the post offered to bring the water. Going carelessly 

past the thicket in which the savages lay concealed, they 




I f!f^ 



1 _ V^ r.^/fVo V^ 



1790] INDIAN WAR, 139 

filled their pails and returned. Five hundred rifles were 
aimed at them, but not one was fired. The Indians waited 
for the men, but in vain ; and the fort was saved. 

4. As the settlements in the west increased. Congress 
tried to satisfy the Indians by buying their lands. There 
were some, however, north of the Ohio River, in what is 
now the state of Indiana, that would not join in the sale. 
They threatened war, and Congress had to send an army 
under General Harmer to subdue them. Harmer laid 
waste their fields. But, while he was pursuing the 
Indians who had fled before him, one division of his 
army was defeated, and the other was led into an ambus- 
cade and cut to pieces. 

5. General St. Clair, an experienced ofiicer, was then 
sent against the Indians. Little Turtle was their leading 
spirit. He was a famous chief, whose nose and ears were 
bright with silver rings. He cunningly planned a sui-prise. 
One morning about daylight, when near the Indian camp, 
the invading army was suddenly attacked. In spite of St. 
Clair's efforts and the bravery of his officers, his men were 
thro^vn into confusion. Many were killed, and the battle 
ended in a total ror o. 

G. A third army was then sent out, and this time 
Washington intrusted the command to General Wayne. 
Wayne had distinguished himself in the Revolution. His 
fierce charges on the enemy had gained for him among 
the soldiers the nickname of " mad Anthony." Advanc- 
ing cautiously into the country of the Indians, AVayne 
defeated them, and desolated their villages for a distance 
of fifty miles. They were completely humbled. A treaty 
was signed, and for years the frontier was secure. Wayne 
is said to have told the Indians that, if they ever broke this 
treaty, he would rise from the grave to fight them. 



140 WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION [1794 

T. When Wasliington's four years were about to ex- 
pire, he was elected for a second term. A party had 
arisen which opposed the measures of the President, and 
complained that he had too much power. But the mass 
of the people still looked to Washington as the father of 
his country. 

8. Early in Washington's second term, he was 
troubled with what was called the Whiskey Rebellion. 
A tax had been laid on all whiskey that was distilled. 
Some people in western Pennsylvania said they would 
not pay this tax. Assembling under a man who took the 
name of Tom the Tinker, they drove out the collector and 
defied the government. It was not till Washington sent 
a large body of soldiers against them that they returned to 
reason. 

9. There were some troubles also with France and 
England; but Washington met them all with wisdom. 
Some wanted him to aid the French people, who had 
driven out their King. Others said he ought to insist 
on England's yielding certain points that were in dispute. 
But Washington prudently avoided war. Meanwhile the 
country throve. It has gone on increasing in strength. 
The west has become rapidly settled. IS'ew states have 
from time to time been formed. A hst of these, mth 
the date of their admission into the Union, will be given 
hereafter. 



LESSON XLIV. 

JOHN ADAMS.— THOMAS JEFFERSON. 

1. Adams's Administration. — Washington 
would not serve a third term, and John Adams was elect- 



1797] JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 141 

ed to succeed him as President. Adams was one of the 
greatest of our early statesmen. During the Revohition, he 
went to France as ambassador. The vessel that took him 
over gave battle to a British man-of-war, Mr. Adams hav- 
ing first promised that he would stay in the cabin during 
the action. For some time he kept his word, but at last he 
could stand it no longer. Seizing a musket, he rushed on 
deck, and the captain soon found him loading and firing 
with the rest. The captain reminded him of his promise 
and ordered him below. Mr. Adams refused to go ; and 
the captain had to carry him down by force. 

2. A difficulty with the French arose in Adams's term. 
They had an unpleasant way of seizing American vessels. 
President Adams determined to put a stop to this, and 
made ready for war. Several actions took place between 
French and American vessels in consequence of these out- 
rages. In one of these, a French frigate was taken by 
the Constellation. Lieutenant Rodgers was sent on board 
with twelve men, to take command of the prize and trans- 
fer her crew to the Constellation. 

3. Before this could be done, a storm separated the 
two vessels. Rodgers and his twelve men were now in 
great danger. There were nearly two hundred French 
sailors on board of the prize, and they might rise and re- 
take the vessel. To guard against this, Rodgers at once 
ordered all the prisoners below, and placed guards to shoot 
do\vn any that should come on deck. After three days 
of fearful anxiety, during which he did not sleep a wink, 
he succeeded in getting his prize safe into port. 

4. Toward the close of the year 1Y99, the whole na- 
tion was plunged in grief by the news that their beloved 
Washington was no more. He died of an acute disease, 
brought on by exposure to a slight rain. As his end ap- 



142 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1800 

proaclied, he said to his physician, " I am not afraid to 
die." He felt that he had served his country faithfully, 
and that country will never forget his services. 

5. The New Capital. — In 1800, Congress met for 
the first time at the city of Washington, which has ever 
since been the capital of the United States. Washington 
lies on the Potomac River, in a small tract called the 
District of Columbia. (See map, p. 185.) This tract was 
presented to the general government by Maryland. It 
was at first a wilderness, through which one might travel 
for miles without meeting a human being. But it has 
changed wonderfully since then. Thriving farms and 
pleasant country-seats now dot its surface. Washington 
has become a large city, and is adorned with fine public 
buildings. Among these are the President's residence, 
which you often hear called " the White House," and the 
Capitol, a large building in which Congress meets. 

6. After John Adams had served four years (1797- 
1801), Thomas JeflPerson became President. It was 
he that drew up the Declaration of Independence. One 
of the most important events during his term of oflice was 
the purchase of Louisiana from the French. Napoleon, 
then at the head of affairs in France, at first intended to 
plant a large colony there. But, a quarrel breaking out 
with England, he needed all the men and money he could 
raise. So he sold Louisiana to the United States for fif- 
teen millions of dollars, part of wliicli was to be paid to 
those Americans whose property had been seized by 
French cruisers upon the ocean. 

7. Tripolitan War. — In the north of Africa, on 
the Mediterranean Sea, lie what are called the Barbary 
States. For a long time they were the home of pirates, 
who used to scour the sea, capture mercliant-vessels, and 



1804] WAR WITH TRIPOLI. 143 

sell their crews into slavery. For a while the United 
States paid a yearly tribute to secure its vessels from these 
outrages. But at last the pirates became so insolent that 
a fleet was sent out under Commodore Preble to punish 
them. 

8. While reconnoitring the harbor of Trip'o-li, the 
Philadelphia, one of the American vessels, struck on a 
rock. She was immediately taken by the Tripolitans. 
But Lieutenant De-ca'tur, one of the bravest oflicers in 
the service, resolved they should not long enjoy their tri- 
umph. One evening, in a little vessel disguised as a 
coaster, he boldly sailed up to the Philadelphia, and asked 
permission to moor his boat beside her. Before the Tri- 
politans found out what was going on, he and his men 
were on board. After driving olf the pirates, they set 
the ship on fire and made good their retreat. 

9. Soon after this, the Americans attacked the Tri- 
politan fleet and bombarded the city. The gallant Deca- 
tur again fought like a lion. In boarding one of the 
enemy's boats, he was met by the captain, and a desperate 
struggle ensued. While tliey were thus engaged, another 
Tripolitan rushed up with drawn sword and was about to 
despatch Decatur, when a gallant sailor saved his life by 
interposing his person and receiving the blow himself. 
After being quite severely handled, the bashaw of Trip- 
oli thought it best to come to terms. For some years 
after this, the American flag was treated with respect. 



144 JEFFERSON'S SECOND TERM. [1805 

LESSON XLY. 

JEFFERSON'S SECOND TERM.— JAMES MADISON 

1. Aaron Bvirr. — On tlie 4tli of March, 1805, Jef- 
ferson entered on his second term. Aaron Burr, who had 
been Vice-president, was not re-elected. Burr was disap- 
pointed, and, journeying through the west, he gave out 
that he w^as engaged in some great scheme, and tried to 
induce the leading men to join him. What his scheme 
was, never was known. It is thought that he proposed 
sepai'ating the west from the rest of the Union and plac- 
ing himself at its head. 

2. Hearing that he had enlisted several thousand men 
in his enterprise, the President in 1807 had Burr arrested 
on a charge of treason. He was committed to jail ; and 
this great man slept for a time in a blanket on the floor 
among the common criminals. He was tried and ac- 
quitted. But people generally believed him guilty ; and, 
though he was one of the best orators and lawyers in the 
country, he was shunned by all. 

3. West of the Rocky Mountains, on the Pa- 
cific, lay a Province of Mexico called California. Korth 
of this was an extensive tract, now forming the state of 
Oregon and the territory of Washington. Little or noth- 
ing w^as known of this region; and, during Jefferson's 
term, a party of soldiers and hunters was sent out to 
explore it. They were gone two years, and met with 
many adventures. They travelled six thousand miles, 
and thoroughly explored the valley of the great Colum- 
bia River. 

4. Invention of the Steamboat.— Jefferson's 
second term was distinguished by one of the greatest 



1807] 



FULTON'S STEAMBOAT. 



145 



inventions ever made, — that of the steamboat. When 
you see our rivers covered with floating palaces, remem- 
ber that the first steamboat in the world was bnilt by 




-^-^ a 



^^Aio// r 



Robert Fulton, a Pennsylvanian, and plied on the Hud- 
son Eiver in 1807. It made the trip between New York 
and Albany in thirty-six hours, and was a great improve- 

7 



146 JEFFERSON'S ADAIINISTRATION. [1808 

ment on tlie river sloops, wliicli took a week or more to 
perform the passage. This little boat of Fulton's led the 
way for the splendid steamers that have since become so 
common. 

5. British Aggressions. — Great Britain still 
seemed to feel sore at the loss of her colonies. She 
was the strongest of all countries on the ocean, and 
took advantage of her power to stop American vessels 
and search them. She claimed the right of seizing 
British seamen, wherever they could be found, and carry- 
ing them oif to serve on her own ships. And, worst of 
all, she took the liberty of deciding for herself who 
were British seamen, and sometimes seized Americans 
in stead. 

6. The American vessels were often too weak to 
resist. This was the case with the Chesapeake. Sail- 
ing out of port, nnprepared for battle, she was over- 
hauled by a British ship, which fired on her, killed 
several of her crew, and carried oil four men claimed 
as deserters. This news produced great excitement 
throughout the country. But the British were not 
always so fortunate. Several years after this, the Little 
Belt gave chase to the American ship President. After a 
time, however, she changed her course, and then it was the 
President's turn to chase. The Little Belt commenced tlie 
action as the American ship approached, but soon gave it 
up Avith the loss of thirty men. 

7. It was clear that unless such outrages ceased war 
would follow. In the midst of the excitement, Jeffer- 
son's second term expii'ed. He was succeeded by James 
Madison. Madison served two terms, from 1809 to 1817. 
They were signalized by two wars ; one with the Indians 
of the west, and the other with Great Britain. 



1810] INDIAN TROUBLES. 147 

8. Teciiiiiseli. — The west was now rapidly filling up 
with settlers. The Indians, again alarmed and forgetting 
the lesson WajTie had taught them, were ready once more 
to dig up the tomahawk against the United States. At 
their head was Tecumseh, the most formidable Indian 
wan-ior that ever fought against our country, crafty, 
eloquent, and a giant in strength. Tecumseh's brother 
was a noted prophet, and both had great influence among 
the frontier tribes. They refused to keep the treaty that 
had been made with the United States, and planned a 
general rising against the whites. 

9. British agents encouraged Tecumseh and his brotli- 
er to carry out their scheme. The Indians generally were 
ready to listen to them. While Tecumseh was away, 
visiting distant tribes, the prophet's head-quarters were 
fixed at the mouth of the Tippecanoe River, in what is 
now the western part of Indiana. Here his followers 
gathered around him and built a town. 



LESSON XLYI. 
BA TTLE OF TIPPECANOE.— WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

1. Indian Troubles. — The territory of Indiana was 
at tliis time governed by William Henry Harrison, after- 
ward President of the United States. The crafty Tecum- 
seh thought he would commence the war by striking a 
blow at Governor Harrison. So, going to the capital 
of the territory with several hundred warriors, he asked 
for an interview. On a given signal, his men were to 
fall upon the whites who were present, and let none 
escape. Governor Harrison met him as desired, but, 



148 TECUM8EH AND HARRISON. [1811 

suspecting treaclierj, took such precautions tliat Tecnm- 
seh, bold as lie was, durst not give the signal. 

2. Tecumseh had all the pride of his race. At a 
meeting between him and Harrison, a chair was placed 
for him by the interpreter, who said, as he offered it, 
"Your father [meaning Harrison] requests you to take 
a chair." "The sun is my father," replied Tecumseh, 
proudly, "and the earth is my mother; on her bosom 
will I repose ; " and, wrapping his blanket around him, 
he sat down on the ground. 

3. Wishing to unite the Ked Men in one common 
cause, Tecumseh visited the Creeks, who lived in Ala- 
bama and Georgia. Many of them listened to him and 
promised their aid. But before the Creeks could take 
the field, and while Tecumseh was still absent, an army 
under General Harrison approached the Tippecanoe River. 
They intended destroying the prophet's town, unless a 
satisfactory treaty was signed. 

4. Battle of Tippecanoe. — Here Harrison was 
met by several Indian ambassadors, who said that their 
nation desired peace, and would sign a treaty on the 
next day. That very night the war-whoop was sud- 
denly heard, and the army was attacked by savages on 
every side. Harrison, however, was j)repared. He had 
directed his men to encamp in order of battle, and now he 
hurried from one point to another, urging them to stand 
their ground till daylight. 

5. The Indians, hidden in the long prairie - grass, 
poured in a deadly fire with the rifie. They had 
chewed their bullets, so that they would tear the flesh, 
and every volley they fired caused the wounded to scream 
with pain. Yery few of Harrison's men had been in bat- 
tle before ; still, throughout that terrible night, they kept 



1811] BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 149 

their line unbroken. When day dawned, they charged the 
savages. The latter fought desperately. Their prophet 
had assured them that they would gain the battle, and 
they believed him. But prophets sometimes make mis- 
takes, and so they found in this case. 

6. A vigorous charge drove the Indians from their 
cover. They fled in all directions. The prophet's town 
was destroyed, and the army returned in triumph. — Gen- 
eral Harrison was as merciful as he was brave. Shortly 
before the battle, a negro deserter, who had been hired by 
the Indians to murder the general, was seized while lying 
hidden near his tent. He was condemned to death, and 
secured, tiU. the sentence could be carried out, by fasten- 
ing his feet, like a wedge, between the sides of a log that 
had been partially split. 

7. As he thus lay, he kept his eyes sadly fixed on the 
general. Harrison's feelings were moved. He could not 
bear to have the negro executed, and asked his officers to 
pardon him. They were unwilling to do so. They felt 
that the wicked man deserved to die. Yet when their 
general, who had the greatest cause to condemn him, 
pleaded in his favor, they could not refuse, aiid the 
wretched negro was spared. 

8. War declared. — Hardly were these Indian troub- 
les over when the difliculty with Great Britain became 
more serious than ever. She refused to give up any of 
her claims. She would search American vessels when- 
ever she saw fit. This settled the question. Henry Clay, 
John C. Calhoun, and other great statesmen then in Con- 
gress, said that it would be wrong for America to submit 
any longer. Accordingly, war was declared against Great 
Britain. This is generally called the War of 1813, be- 
cause it commenced in that year. 



150 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1812 



LESSON XL VII. 

REVERSES ON LAND : TRIUMPHS ON THE 
OCEAN. 

1. Hull's Expedition and Surrender. — The 

United States do not keep a great army all the time 
ready, as European countries do. When, therefore, war 
was declared, there was much to prepare. Those who 
had charge of affairs knew but little of war ; and hence 
some mistakes were made at lirst, and some reverses 
suffered. The first thing proposed was an invasion of 
Canada. To carry this out, a few regular soldiers and 
some volunteers from Ohio were placed under the com- 
mand of General Hull, the governor of Michigan. 

2. Hull led his men across into Canada from Detroit 
But he marched so slowly that before he reached the first 
British fort the Canadian militia were in arms. Tecum- 
seh and his warriors lost no time in joining the enemy 
and cutting off the supplies of/fche Americans. A British 
army was also on the march against them. So, in stead of 
attacking the fort, Hull turned round and marched back 
as fast as he could. The British followed, crossed the 
river, and appeared in full force before Detroit. (See 
map, p. 154.) 

3. The Americans were well posted, and were all 
ready to receive the Britisli with grape-shot as they 
approached. What was their indignation, when they 
saw a white flag displayed above the fort! Hull had 
become frightened, and raised the flag as a signal of 
surrender. His men wept as they saw it, but there was 
no remedy. Not only Detroit, with its garrison, but also 
the whole of Michigan, was given up to the enemy. 



1812] FIRST MOVEMENTS. 151 

Hull was afterward tried. He was found gniltj of 
cowardice and sentenced to be shot, but was pardoned 
bv the President. 

4. On the Niagara Frontier. — Shortly after this, 
a body of militia gathered on the frontier of New York. 
Their design was to cross the Magara River, which sepa- 
rates New York from Canada, and attack the British at 
Queensto^Ti. Some boats having been procured, the first 
division of the army crossed. They gallantly drove the 
enemy from their batteries and seized the heights. But a 
fresh British army was approaching, and it was necessary 
to bring over the rest of the men. To the dismay of 
their officers and their own disgrace, they refused to 
move. The sight of their wounded comrades, who had 
been brought back, had dampened their courage. 

5. Thus abandoned by their companions, the Ameri- 
cans who had crossed, after holding out as long as they 
could, surrendered. Nothing more was attempted at that 
time on the frontier. Both invasions of Canada had 
failed. Some glorious victories on the ocean, however, 
made up for these reverses on land. Little was expected 
of our infant navy, when matched against Great Biitain, 
the powerful mistress of the sea. But courage and will 
often make up for want of strength. 

6. Naval Operations. — One of the greatest naval 
victories of the Americans was gained by Captain Isaac 
Hull, in the frigate Constitution. After being chased by 
a British squadron four days, and escaping by his good 
management, Hull fell in with the Guerriere \_gare-e-air'\ 
This vessel was one of the finest in the British navy. She 
had long been on the look-out for " Yankee craft," and 
expected to make short work of the Constitution. But 
Hull's broadsides soon made her lower her flag. She was 



152 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1812 

SO mncli injured that lie could not take her into port, and 
the next day he blew her up. 

7. Victories were also gained by the Essex, the Presi- 
dent, and the Argus. The Wasp, Captain Jones, had a 
sharp conflict with the British brig Frolic. Having 
brought his vessel so close to the Frolic that in loading 
his rammers touched her side, Jones ordered his men to 
board. They found the deck a scene of carnage. Only 
three officers remained there, and one old sailor, coolly 
seated at the helm. Before Jones could secure his prize, 
a British seventy-four came along and captured both ves- 
sels. 

8. The same brave Decatur who had distinguished 
himself in the Tripolitan war now commanded the 
frigate United States. He succeeded in capturing the 
British vessel Macedonian. Late in the year, another 
great victory was won by the Constitution, now com- 
manded by Commodore Bainbridge, over the British 
frigate Java. The Java had to be blown up, but her 
wheel was first taken out, to replace that of the Constitu- 
tion, which was damaged in the action. 

9. Long after the war, a British officer visited the 
Constitution. When asked his opinion of her, he replied 
that she was a fine vessel in every respect, except that her 
wheel was clumsy. "Yes," replied the captain, "it is 
clumsy. It is the old wheel of the Java, which we 
put in, and have kept ever since as a trophy of the 
victory." 



1812] 



HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN. 



153 



LESSON XLVIII. 

THE WAR IN THE NORTHWEST 

1. Harrison's Campaign. — One great cause of 
the defeats of tlie Americans in the northwest, had been 
the neglect of Congress to provide a suitable army. It 
was still backward in acting. There were some who 




TuE Peesidknt's Home, called the White House, Washington. 

openly opposed the war, and said the President ought 
not to be supported in it. The frontier, however, now 
lay open to the British, and it was necessary for some- 
thing to be done. A body of volunteers from Kentucky 
had already taken the field, and General Harrison, the 
hero of Tippecanoe, was appointed to their command. 

2, Harrison's object was to recover Detroit, but his 
march lay tlu'ough swamps that seemed almost endless. 



154 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1813 

and when winter set in he was still some distance off. 
He had, therefore, to wait for spring. The army went 
into winter-quarters in two divisions, one under Harrison 
himself, the other under General Winchester. During 
the winter, Winchester, hearing that rrenchto\vn, a post 
to the north, was in danger, advanced to its aid and 
dispersed a body of the enemy. But he was very soon 
attacked by a large force of British and Indians under 
Proctor. 

3. During the battle, General Winchester himself was 
captured by a famous Indian chief called Round Head. 
Delighted with the uniform of his prisoner, Eound Head 
stripped him of it without delay, and putting it on him- 
self was soon strutting about the field as proudly as a pea- 
cock. Proctor, shortly afterward passing the spot, was 
surprised to see the American general shivering half 
naked over a fire, for it was bitterly cold. It was with 
great difficulty he could make Round Head give up his 
borrowed plumes. 

4. Though their general was a prisoner, part of the 
Americans still held out. At length a letter was sent 
them by AYinchester, recommending them to lay down 
their arms. They did so, on receiving a pledge from 
Proctor that their lives and property should be spared. 
But no sooner had they surrendered, than Proctor, with 
his British troops and such of the prisoners as could walk, 
returned to Canada, leaving the sick and wounded Ameri- 
cans behind, with no one to protect them from his Indian 
allies. You know the mercy of the savages. Few of the 
sufferers escaped the flames and the tomahawk. So much 
was the pledge of Proctor worth. 

5. Siege of Fort Meigs. — Proctor now thought 
he was sure of crushing Harrison also. As soon as the 



1813] 



SIEGE OF FORT MEIGS. 



155 



weather allowed, he was on the march for the American 
camp. But Harrison had not been idle. Weakened as he 
was. by the loss of Winchester's division, he could not hope 
to take Detroit, but he resolved to hold his ground. Ac- 
cordingly, he commenced a fort in what is now the north- 
western part of Ohio, and kept his men at work night and 
day that it might be ready for the foe. He had no time 
to spare. Proctor and Tecumseh soon appeared before 
Fort Meigs [megz], as this post was called, and summoned 
the garrison to surrender. ^' Kot while I have the honor 
to command,-' was Harrison's brief answer. 



°VmILWAUKEE,I835 




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DETRO 




'^^y'€-'^i^ Ft StUpTicuEoa ' i) 



Tort , 
^ ; Loga^/port V' ^^='J"^' 

y^ Tippecanoe . 

\ 2;rov.7,lsnXL^>' 

yX i -V^^ oTip.on 

Lrbina !^*^^Lafayette 



( Defiance ) 



Tiffin 



Wooster\: 



I^^^Li,ma , 

^-vi^e^jA^ oCrawforas.^1^ ^^-ie \ \ ^OLUM^V ^,„°,, 

'. I / Richmond^; bpringf^eld o 18,2 p -"e^Jtrg 



Mt.Vemon 

^yZanesville 



Western Battle-fields located eelatively to Present Citfes. 



6. The attack was pushed with vigor. The Indians 
even climbed into trees overhanging the fort, that they 
might pick off the men. Harrison himself, as he moved 
around giving his orders, was frequently shot at. Once a 
ball struck a bench on which he was sitting, and at an- 
other time a soldier was killed by his side. He received 
no harm, however, but baffled every effort of the enemy. 



156 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1813 

Y. ]^ews was now received that a body of Kentiicldans 
was near at hand, hastening to relieve the fort. Harrison 
sent word to them to attack one division of the enemy, 
while a detachment from the fort fell upon another. 
The sally from the fort was successful, but those who 
were advancing for its relief lost more than haK their 
number, the greater part of whom were captured. Proc- 
tor allowed the prisoners to be treated so cruelly that 
even Tecumseh rebuked him. Finding they could make 
no impression on Fort Meigs, in a few days both British 
and Indians gave up the siege. 

8. During the year 1813, the Americans gained some 
more brilliant victories on the ocean. Commodore Por- 
ter distinguished himself by a successful cruise in the Pa- 
cific, in the course of which he took twelve armed whalers. 
Captain Lawrence, after taking two prizes in the Hornet, 
was appointed to the command of the Chesapeake. In 
this vessel he met with a sad reverse. The Chesapeake 
was poorly equipped, and was taken by the British frigate 
Shannon. Lawrence himself was mortally wounded. 
" Don't give up the ship," said he to his men as he was 
carried below. Even at that trying moment his thoughts 
were on his country. 



LESSON XLIX. 

PIKE'S EXPEDITION.-FORT STEPHENSON.— 
LAKE ERIE. 

1. The invasion of Canada from the New York 
frontier, in 1812, had failed ; but this did uot prevent 
General Pike from attempting it the next year. With a 
body of men raised for the purpose, lie made a descent on 



1813] PIKE'S EXPEDITION. 157 

the capital of Upper Canada. This lay on the shore of 
Lake Ontario. It was then called York, bnt the name 
has since been changed to Toronto. Landing in the face 
of a heavy lire, the Americans took the enemy's redoubt, 
and advanced to within a short distance of their barracks, 
which seemed to be abandoned. 

2. It was well they stopped where they did, for in a 
few moments a terrible explosion took place. Logs and 
stones were hnrled high in the air. The British had 
lighted a slow match before they retired, and tlins blown 
np their o'^m magazine. Several hundred of the Ameri- 
cans were more or less injured. The rest pushed on 
after the British, and took a number of them prison- 
ers. York, with a large amount of stores, fell into their 
hands. 

3. General Pike was struck down by the explosion. 
As he lay dying on the field, he heard the victorious 
shouts of his men. One of his officers asked if he could 
do anything for him. " Place the enemy's flag under my 
head," said he. As it was done, his eye lighted up with 
triumph, and he expired without a groan. After this, the 
American army took the British posts on the ISTiagara 
Piver. They were abandoned by the enemy, who fell 
back to the heights west of Lake Ontario. 

4. Sackett's Harbor, in the state of New York, was 
the chief naval station of the Americans on Lake Ontario. 
This place, left almost undefended, was attacked by a 
party of the enemy from across the lake. They were 
driven back by the militia under General Brown. Dur- 
ing the attack, one of the British officers. Captain Gray, 
was shot down by an American boy, who had been a ser- 
vant in his family in Canada. After the battle, the boy 
went to his former master, and asked his forgiveness. 



158 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1813 

Captain Gray was djing from the effects of the wound, 
but gave the boj his watch as a token that he forgave him 
with his whole heart. 

5. Attack on Fort Stephenson. — After his dis- 
appointment at Fort Meigs, Proctor tnrned his arms 
against another post at no great distance from it. This 
was Fort Stephenson, commanded by Major Croghan 
\Jcro'gan\ a youth of twenty-one. Proctor summoned 
the garrison to surrender, if they wished to escape being 
massacred by the Indians when the fort was taken. Cro- 
ghan rephed that the fort would not be taken till all the 
garrison had fallen, and therefore a massacre could do 
them no harm. The British at once opened a brisk can- 
nonade. 

6. Croghan had but one cannon. To make the enemy 
believe he had more, he fired it first from one point of the 
fort and then from another. After a while he saw the 
British gathering for an attack. Loading his single can- 
non to the muzzle, he brought it to l)ear upon tliem, and 
quietly awaited their approach. They were soon within 
thirty feet. At this moment the cannon was fired. 
Whole ranks were swept down, and a deadly volley from 
the muskets of the garrison followed. A retreat was or- 
dered, and the next day the siege was abandoned. 

7. Battle of Lake Erie. — In the summer of 1813, 
Commodore Perry was sent to Lake Erie. The British 
had command of the lake, and Perry was sent to take it 
from them. The United States had no vessels there. 
But there were plenty of trees growing on the shore, and 
out of these Perry built his own vessels. He soon had a 
little fleet ready, and stood out to give battle to the Brit- 
ish. Many Indians were gathered on an island in the lake^ 
to see the engagement. 



1813] COMMODORE FERRY'S VICTORY. 159 

8. As soon as the British were ready, they sailed out 
of port to meet the Americans. The action was a hot one. 
Perry's flag-ship engaged the two largest vessels of the 
enemy, and was badly cut up. Leaping into a boat. Per- 
ry then made for another of his vessels. As he passed 
within pistol-shot of the enemy, he stood proudly erect, 
heeding not the balls that fell around him. To the won- 
der of all, he reached the deck of the J^iagara uninjured, 
and the battle was renewed. 

9. The breeze now freshened. Perry took advantage 
of it to plunge through the enemy's line, and give a rak- 
ing lire right and left. This decided the day. The Brit- 
ish commander hauled down his colors and surrendered 
his fleet. The number of prisoners taken was greater 
than that of Perry's men who survived the battle. 

10. Perry was a man of few words. He announced 
his glorious victory to General Harrison in the following 
brief dispatch ; '' We have met the enemy, and they are 
ours — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and a sloop." 
Men who do much, can afford to say httle. 



LESSON L. 



HARRISON'S INVASION- OF CANADA.— CREEK 
WAR. 

1. Battle of the Tliames, — The British were dis- 
mayed at Perry's victory. General Harrison at once fol- 
lowed it up with an invasion of Canada. Proctor and 
Tecumseh had hastily retreated. Harrison overtook them 
at the Thames \temz] Eiver (see map, p. 155). He found 
the British drawn up on a strip of land between the river 
and a swamp, held by Tecumseh and his wamors. In 



160 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, [1813 

extending liis line across tliis strip, Proctor had weakened 
it too much. Observing this, Harrison directed Colonel 
Johnson to charge the enemy's front witli his Kentucky 
horsemen, 

2. The order was gallantly obeyed. The Kentuckians 
forced their way completely through the British ranks, 
and formed in the rear. The enemy, thus finding them- 
selves between two fires, threw down their arms. Proc- 
tor escaped only l:>y the swiftness of his horse. The In- 
dians were now to be dislodged from the swamp. Again 
the fearless Kentuckians advanced to tlie charge. They 
were warmly received, and many a saddle was emptied. 
But, while the battle was at its height, Tecumseh received 
a bullet in his breast. 

3. The chief had expected it. " My body," said he, 
before the action commenced, " will remain on the field 
of battle." Stepping forward, he gave his last command, 
and fell dead at the foot of a tree. His men were seized 
with horror. The chief who had so often led them to 
victory was no more. They threw away their arms and 
fled. The battle of the Thames was won. Michigan was 
recovered. The western frontier was safe, 

4. Creek War. — The Creeks had not forgotten 
Tecumseh's eloquent harangues. In the summer of 
1813, a league was formed against the United States 
by a number of southern tribes. The settlers in what 
is now Alabama became alarmed and took refuge in the 
nearest forts. The crafty Wetherford was at the head of 
the Creeks. He commenced the war with a cruel blow at 
the whites. Lurking around Port Mimms till he found 
the gates unguarded, he and his followers rushed in, set 
fire to tlie buildings, and massacred all, men, women, and 
children, v\dthout mercy. 



1813] 



WAE WITH THE CREEKS. 



161 



5. A large force was at once called into the field to 
avenge this massacre. The Tennesseeans reached the 
gronnd first. They were commanded bj Andrew Jack- 
son, a man of iron will, whom the Indians called "the 
Shai-p Knife." Jackson and his men lost no time in 






\\-' 




Fall of Tecttmseh at the Battle of the Thames. 



attacking the Creek villages. The Indians fought des- 
perately, trusting to the magic spells of their " medicine- 
men." But they found that magic availed little against 
lead and steel. They were defeated in every battle with 
great loss. 



162 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1814 

6. Before long Jackson's men began to suffer from 
want of food. Their supplies failed to arrive. They 
could find nothing to eat in the wilderness but acorns. 
For a time they bore their hardshij^s patiently, but at last 
they declared they would remain no longer. They had 
already commenced their march for home, when Jackson 
appeared before them on horseback. His left arm, which 
had been shattered by a bullet, was in a sling. His right 
hand grasped a musket, and he warned them that he 
would shoot down the first man that advanced another 
step. The men knew he would keep his word, and 
ashamed of their mutiny, one after another, they returned 
to duty. 

7. About tliis time, another invading army reached 
what the Creeks called their heloved ground. This they 
regarded as sacred, and their prophet had made them 
believe that here no foe could harm them. They fought 
long and well, but were again defeated with heavy loss. 
In the spring of 1814, Jackson put an end to the war by 
a decisive victory. A great number of Creeks, with their 
women and children, had gathered in the bend of a 
river, and thro^vn up a breastwork of logs for their de- 
fence in front. They were here totally defeated. Their 
prophet was killed, and the power of their nation de- 
stroyed. 

8. Immediately after this battle, Jackson was sitting 
alone in his tent at sunset, when a noble-looking Indian 
entered. " I am Wetherford," said he. " My people are 
all gone. My warriors can no longer hear my voice. I 
have come to ask peace for myself and the few that re- 
main. You are a brave man. I rely upon your gener- 
osity." Wetherford's request was granted. He was 
allowed to go back to the forest to collect his scattered 



1814] WAJi WITH THE CREEKS. 163 

countrymen, and through his influence a treaty was made 
by the surviving Creeks with the United States. 

9. In one of the battles with the Creeks, an Indian 
mother was among the slain. An infant boy was found 
upon her breast. He was brought to the camp, and Jack- 
son tried to find a nurse for him among the Indian women 
who had been taken. But they turned away, saying, " His 
mother is dead, let the child die too." Not so thought the 
tender-hearted general. Amid all the labors of the camp, 
he found time to feed him with his own hands. The 
orphan grew to be a beautiful and promising youth, and 
Jackson, who was childless, adopted him. But, before 
he reached manhood, he fell a victim to consumption. 

10. From boyhood Andrew Jackson had displayed a 
noble spirit. AYhen only thirteen years old, he shouldered 
a musket in the Revolutionary War. In a skirmish with 
the British, he was taken prisoner. To break the spirit of 
the young rebel, the British leader ordered him to clean 
his boots. Andrew refused, when the cowardly officer 
drew his sword, and aimed a blow at his head. Andrew 
saved his life by catching the blow on his left arm ; but 
he received a wound which left a scar that he carried to 
the grave. You will learn how he afterward paid back 
the British for this blow. 



LESSON LI. 

CLOSE OF THE WAR OF 1812. 

1. Operations in Canada. — The Americans con- 
tinued unsuccessful in their attempts upon Canada, till 
General Brown assumed the command in the summer of 
1814. Then their fortune at once changed. Crossing the 



164 



JIABISOX'S ABMIXISTRATIOX. 



[1814 



Niagara River, Brown won the battle of Chippewa ; and 
shortly after again defeated the enemy, who had been 
reenforced, at Bridgewater, or Limdy's Lane, close to the 

Falls of Niagara. Late in 
the year, besieged in Fort 
Erie by a large force of 
British, he surprised them 
with a well-planned sally, 
drove them from their works 
\yith great loss, and com- 
pelled them to raise the 
siege. See if you can find 
these places on the map. 

2. The battle of Bridge- 
water was one of the hottest 
actions in the war. General 
Scott, who was long at the 
head of our army, gained 
great glory in this engage- 
ment. Colonel MiUer also 
distinguished himself. He 
was asked if he could take 
a British battery which 
swept the field and threat- 
ened the Americans with 
destruction. "I ^411 try, 
sir," was his reply. He 
tried with such good effect 
that his men were soon fir- 
ing on the British with their own guns. Three times the 
British endeavored to retake this battery, and three times 
they were driven back. Not till midnight did they give 
it up and leave the Americans in possession of the field. 




1814] BATTLE OF PLATTSBURG. 165 

3. Battle of Lake Cliamplaiii. — In September, 
a powerful Britisli army and fleet made their appearance 
on Lake Champlain, with the view of penetrating through 
^N'ew York to the Hudson River. Plattsburg was the 
lirst point threatened. General Macomb \jna-koom'^ 
quickly called out the militia, enrolling even boys that 
were old enough to handle a musket. Commodore Mc- 
Donovigh. \jnac-don'o\ by great exertions, got together a 
few vessels, and met the English commodore, Downie, 
who had boasted that with his flagship alone he could 
beat the whole American squadron. But, like most boast- 
ers, Downie was disappointed. McDonough gained a 
glorious victory over him at Plattsburg, aud captured his 
whole fleet. The land forces^ which had been repulsed 
by the militia while the naval battle was going on, re- 
treated in hot haste that same uight, leaving great quanti- 
ties of stores behind. 

4. British Descent on the Atlantic Coast. — 
In the summer of 1814, a British fleet appeared on the 
Atlantic coast, containing General Ross and four thou- 
sand veteran troops. Landing not far from the city of 
Washington, they set out for the capital. A body of 
militia was hastily raised, and an attempt made to arrest 
the march of the enemy, but it was imsuccessful. On 
the evening after the battle, the British entered the capi- 
tal, the President and many of the inhabitants having 
fled before them. They set fire to the pubhc buildings, 
destroyed a large amount of property, and then returned 
to their ships. 

5. Ross then thought he would treat the city of Balti- 
more in the same way, but there he found the people 
better prepared. The fort in the harbor successfully re- 
sisted the British fleet, and an army of ten thousand men 



166 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1815 

was drawn up to oppose Ross's veterans. While recon- 
noitring the Americans, Ross himself received a mortal 
wound. His men tried to force a passage through the 
American lines, but were so warmly received that they 
gave up the attempt. The next day, they returned to 
their boats. Thus Baltimore escaped their ravages. 

6. Battle of New Orleans. — Late in the year, 
the peoj)le of New Orleans were dismayed by the news 
that an overwhelming force of British troops was about 
to make a descent on their city. Some thought it was 
vain to resist, and were for surrendering without a strug- 
gle. Fortunately, at this time, General Jackson appeared 
among them. He at once assumed the command, erected 
fortilications, and drilled the militia. He was supported 
by a number of gallant Tennesseeans, unerring marksmen, 
who were ever ready to take the Held at his call. The 
British landed about the middle of December, and ad- 
vanced to within nine miles of New Orleans. 

7. After a bold night attack, in which his men be- 
haved well, Jackson intrenched himself below the city, 
on a ditch which extended from the Mississippi River to 
a cypress swamp. The enemy came up, and planted their 
batteries nearer and nearer. But the Americans, though 
they had only ten cannon, returned their fire with spirit, 
and inflicted far more injury than they received. On the 
8th of January, 1815, the British, led by General Pak'en- 
ham, advanced to storm Jackson's works. They found 
the hero ready to receive them. 

8. A terrible fire was poured on the advancing ranks 
of the British, both from the American cannon and from 
the rifles of men who seldom missed their aim. The ene- 
my wavered. Fresh troops came up. " See that every 
shot tells ! " thundered Jackson. Again the foe fell be- 



1815 



BRITISH ATTACK ON NEW ORLEANS. 



167 



fore those fatal discharges, and they retired in disorder. 
A few crossed the ditch, but were shot down on the para- 
pet. Pakenham himself fell. The attempt was hopeless, 
and the British officer who succeeded to the command 
drew off his men, leaving two thousand on the field. 
Abandoning the attack, the British made for their ships 
as quickly as possible. The whole loss of the Americans 
was only twenty-seven men. 

9. Before the battle, Jackson had taken very decided 
measures with the 



"^N'o," answered 



man. 




G UL F 



M E X T C O 



people. He made 
some of them soldiers 
in spite of themselves. 
A citizen called on 
him, to complain that 
his property had been 
seized by an officer. 
" Have you a mus- 
ket ? " asked Jackson, 
the 
" Here, guard," 
cried the general, "get 
this man a musket and 
put him in the ranks." He paid no attention to the 
courts, and after the battle was fined a thousand dollars 
by one of them for contempt. The amount was quickly 
raised by the people ; but Jackson refused to receive it, 
and paid the fine himself. Many years afterward. Con- 
gress refunded him the money. 

10. The battle of New Orleans closed the war. A 
treaty of peace had been signed on the 24th of December, 
1814. If the news had been received a httle sooner, the 
British might have escaped their disastrous defeat. Every 



New Orleans ajs'd the Vicinity. 



168 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. [1817 

one was glad wlien peace was announced. Bells were 
rnng and flags were lioisted„ Commerce had been almost 
destroy edj and all kinds of business liad suffered much 
during the war. 



LESSON LII. 
JAMES MONROE.— JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

1. On the 4th of March, 1817, James Monroe, of 

Virginia, became President. During his two terms, the 
people began to see the importance of roads and canals. 
Many internal improvements were commenced. Among 
these was the great Erie Canal in the state of New York, 
nearly four hundred miles long. It connects Lake Erie, 
at Buffalo, with the Hudson River, at Albany. This ca- 
nal was building during the whole of Monroe's two terms. 
When completed, its good effects were felt throughout 
the north and west. 

2. Soon after Monroe became President, a war with 
the Seminoles broke out. The Seminoles lived in Florida, 
which still belonged to Spain. Set on by the Spaniards 
and a couple of Englishmen, they commenced robbing 
and murdering on the frontier of Georgia and Alabama. 
Jackson, with a body of Tennesseeans was sent against 
them, and handled them so roughly that for a while they 
let the American settlers alone. 

3. E'ot long after this, Spain sold Florida to the 
United States. The country was now in a thriving con- 
dition. Many emigrants came over from Europe. No 
less than live new states were 'admitted into the Union 
while Monroe was President. American commerce, too, 
was rapidly increasing. It suffered for a time from pi- 



1825] JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 169 

rates wlio infested the shores of Cuba. But, thanks to 
the energy of Commodore Porter, who was sent against 
them, these desperadoes were dispersed and their haunts 
broken up. 

4. The summer of 1824 was signalized by the arrival 
of La Fayette, on a visit to the land for which he had 
bled. Travelling through the country. La Fayette found 
that forty years had made great changes in every thing 
but the hearts of the people. They still loved him as 
their fathers had done. He was everywhere received 
with honor as the nation's guest. At Bunker Hill he laid 
the comer-stone of the great monument, and at Mount 
Vernon wept over the dust of his beloved Washington. 

5. Monroe's second term expired on the 4th of March, 
1825. John Quincy Adams, a son of John Adams, 
the second President, was chosen to succeed him. Mr. 
Adams had been minister to several foreign governments. 
He served but one term, during wliich the country con- 
tinued to flourish. 

6. On the 4th of July, 1826, two of the great. men of 
America died, — Johu Adams, the father of the President, 
and Thomas Jefferson. You remember how they had 
served their country ; now in a good old age they fell 
asleep, on the very day their country was celebrating the 
birth of its freedom. The last thoughts of Adams were 
of his friend : " Jefferson survives," said he, shortly be- 
fore he ceased to breathe. But Jefferson was already 
dead. " I resign my soul to my God, and my daughter 
to my country," were his last words. 

7. President Adams was in favor of opening roads, 
constructing canals, improving the harbors on the coast, 
and other public works. He was also in favor of a tariff, 
that is, of laying duties on goods imported into the coun- 

8 



170 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. [1829 

trj, sucli as cottons, cloth, silk, iron, <fec. He tlioiight 
that a high tariii wonld encourage people to produce these 
goods in the United States, because they would be able 
to sell them lower than similar articles brought from 
abroad. But many opposed a tariff, because they had to 
pay more for their goods in consequencCo 



LESSON LIII. 



ANDREW JACKSON. 

1. In selecting their seventh President, the peo- 
ple remembered one who had often served them, — in the 
Creek War, at ISTew Orleans, against the Seminoles. You 
know who is meant, — Andrew Jackson. "Hurrah for 
Jackson ! " was now the cry. But, like all men of great 
will, Jackson had made some enemies. So party spirit 
was very violent while he was President. The mass of 
the people, however, loved him, and he was kept in office 
two terms— from 1829 to 1837. 

2. Diflacnlties with the Indians. — The north- 
west was now fast filling up with industrious settlers. 
More and more every year they encroached on the hunt- 
ing-grounds of the Indians. Long trains of Avagons would 
be seen winding along through the prairies, bearing the 
sturdy pioneer, his wife, his little ones, and his goods. 
Sometimes the long prairie grass would be set on fire, and 
then it was fortunate if the poor emigrants escaped. At 
other times they found no less fierce a foe in the prowl- 
ing savage. The Indians would sell their lands to the 
government, and agree to leave them ; yet, when it came 
to the point, they would often fight rather than do so. 



1832] 



BLACK HAWK'S WAR, 



171 



3. This was tlie case with the Sacs and Foxes in north- 
western Illinois. Under their chief, Black Hawk, they 
gave great trouble for a time, and kept the frontier in 





Pioneer Life. 

constant alarm. In 
August, 1832, Black Hawk 
was taken, and the war 
ceased, the Indians agreeing 
to remove farther west. A 

body of troops sent out under General Scott to take part 

in this war suffered much from the cholera, which was 

then raging in the United States. 

4. Opposition to the Tariffo— In 1832, Congress 

increased the duties on imported goods. This produced 



172 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION, [1832 

great excitement among tliose who opposed the tariff. 
South Carohna said that the duties should not be collected 
within her borders. Jackson said he should enforce the 
law, and took prompt measures for so doing. The diffi- 
culty was not settled till Congress passed a bill introduced 
by Henry Clay, providing for a gradual reduction of the 
tarilt. 

5. Jackson was opposed to the United States Bank. 
He vetoed a bill passed by Congress to recharter it. He 
also drew out the public money from this bank, thinking 
it would be safer in the state banks. There was a great 
storm of excitement when he did tliis, but Jackson never 
swerved from what he thought was right. He was equal- 
ly decided with foreign governments. France, Denmark, 
Spain, and Portugal, were compelled to pay promptly for 
injuries done to American commerce. After this, the 
powers of Europe looked on the United States witli much 
more respect than they had ever done before. 

6. Seminole War. — The Seminoles had been de- 
feated in 1817, but not subdued. When an attempt was 
made to remove them to lands west of the Mississippi, 
where they had agreed to go, they again commenced a 
harassing warfare. United States troops were sent against 
them ; but the crafty savages laid ambuscades for them, 
and often succeeded in cutting off straggling parties. 
Then they would flee to inaccessible swamps, from which 
they would again issue, and commit their ravages. 

7. General Scott, always called upon in time of need, 
was at last sent out to the Seminole country. Though 
often defeated, the Indians continued the war. In 1838, 
it was found necessary for an army to penetrate to their 
haunts in the swamps and forests. This was done, but 
with terrible suffering to the men. A decisive battle was 



1837] VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 173 

fought, in which the Seminoles suffered severely. Upon 
this, they signed a treaty with the United States. Since 
then, though less troublesome than formerly, they have 
from time to time ravaged the solitary settlements in 
their neighborhood. 



LESSON LIV. 

MARTIN VAN BUREN.— HARRISON AND TYLER, 

1. On the 4th of March, 1837, General Jackson left 
the country in the hands of Martin Van Buren, of 

New York, whom the people had selected to succeed him. 

2. The chief events of Yan Buren's term were a dis- 
tressing panic and revulsion in the business world in 1837, 
and a movement on the Canada frontier which threatened 
to produce trouble with Great Britain. A portion of the 
Canadians rose against the British government. The peo- 
ple of the United States wanted to help them, and a large 
body of men took possession of E"avy Island in the Niag- 
ara River, which belonged to Great Britain. A party of 
royalists retaliated by crossing from Canada, and setting 
fire to a steamboat which was used for bringing supplies 
to Navy Island. War would have followed, had not the 
President promptly prevented the people from interfer- 
ing in the affairs of Canada. 

3. General Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe and 
the Thames, was next raised to the presidency, March 4th, 
1841. To the great sorrow of the country. General Har- 
rison died just one month after his inauguration, leaving 
the duties of his office to be performed by the Yice-presi- 
dent, John Tyler, of Yirginia. Tyler, like Jackson, was 
opposed to a United States Bank. When Congress passed 



174 TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. [1845 

a bill providing for sucli an institution, he vetoed it, and 
this made liim many enemies. 

4. During Tyler's term, a troublesome question 
was settled. This was the fixing of a boundary line be- 
tween Maine and the British province of New Brunswick. 
Daniel Webster, one of our greatest statesmen, took the 
matter in hand for the United States, and settled it to the 
satisfaction of his country. 

5. In 1842, a great exploring expedition, which had 
been away four years, returned. It had visited various 
parts of the Pacific before but little known, and made 
some important discoveries in the far south. Among 
these was that of a large body of land in the Southern 
Ocean, extending for a distance of 1700 miles. This is 
now known as the Antarctic Continent. 

6. The magnetic telegraph, that great triumph of the 
human mind, was first brought into practical oj)eration 
in the spring of 1844. Its inventor was Samuel F. B. 
Morse, a native of Massachusetts. To aid him in testing 
it. Congress had set apart $30,000. A line was estab- 
lished between Washington and Baltimore, and found to 
work with complete success. Telegraph wdres were soon 
threading the country in all directions. 

Y. Among the last acts of Congress during Tyler's 
term was the admission of Texas into tlie Un- 
ion. Texas had been a province of Mexico. It was 
settled chiefly by emigrants from the United States. 
Oppressed by Mexl.co, the Texans had declared them- 
selves independent, and maintained their position by sev- 
eral hard-won victories. Still Mexico would not acknowl- 
edge their independence. Twice had Texas applied for 
admission to the Union ; and in 1845, the people being 
in favor of it, she was admitted as a sister stateo 



1846J FOLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 175 



LESSON L.V. 
JAMES K. POLK. — THE MEXICAN WAR. 

1. James Knox Polk^ of Tennessee, became 
President on the -itli of March, 1845. The admission of 
Texas into the Union greatly provoked Mexico. A 
boundary line had never been agreed upon between that 
country and Texas. The Mexicans utterly refused to 
treat with the United States on the subject, and threat- 
ened war unless the boundary which they claimed was 
admitted. The United States thought that this was rather 
high ground to take, and ordered General Zachary Tay- 
lor, who had done good ser^dce in the Seminole War, to 
occu2)y the disputed territory. Taylor promj)tly obeyed, 
erecting a fort and establishing about twenty miles from 
it a depot of provisions. 

2. War with Mexico. — The Mexicans were soon 
in arms. Taylor's army was small, and fearing that his 
provision-depot might be taken, he marched with the 
main body of his trooj)S to supply it with the means of 
defence. On his way back to the fort, he found a Mexi- 
can army twice as large as his own drawn up to dispute 
his passage. An engagement, the first in the war, at once 
took place (May 8th, 1846) ; this is known as the battle 
of Palo Alto \^pah'lo ahl'to]. It ^vas followed by a stiU 
severer engagement the next day. In both of these the 
Americans were completely victorious. They reached 
the fort none too soon. It had sustained a tremendous 
cannonading from the enemy, but the garrison had gal- 
lantly held out. 

3. Taylor soon commenced invading the enemy's 
country. He had by this time received fresh troops ; for, 



176 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 



[1847 



-^ 

^^Jloulh of 
Nueces iJ. 



when the news of his first two battles was received, more 
vohmteers than were wanted offered themselves for the 
war. One place after another was taken, the Mexicans 
falUng back as Taylor advanced, till they reached the 
strong city of Monterey {ino7i-ta-7'a'~\. This place was 

carried by storm, 
though not without 
great loss. Taylor 
continued to ad- 
vance, and on the 
22d of February, 
181:7, found him- 
self at Buena Yista 
\hwa'nah vees'taK] 
in the presence of 
the Mexican gen- 
eral, Santa Anna, 
and an army tliree 
times the size of his 
own. Santa Anna 
summoned him to 
surrender. " Gen- 
eral Taylor never 
surrenders," was the 
rej)ly. — See if you 
can find Palo Alto, 
Monterey, and Bue- 
naYista on the map. 
4. Fearful was the straggle at Buena Vista. It 
was only by steady courage and the skilful handling of 
their artillery, that the Americans held their ground 
against the overwhelming numbers of the foe. " Give 
them a little more grape. Captain Bragg," said Taylor 




Chaputtep^c A/ i^ % 
CnuruDusto-l Ca^_^ 



Eastern Coast of Mf.xtco. 



1847] THE MEXICAN WAR. I77 

coolly, as he saw a column of the enemy waver before 
Bragg's well-directed cannon. The setting sun left the 
Americans in possession of the field. In the morning it 
was found that Santa Anna and his army had retreated. 
This was the end of Taylor's campaign, which had been 
every way glorious. 

5. General Taylor was perfectly cool in battle. Once, 
when the Mexican cannon-balls were coming rather too 
close to be pleasant, he noticed the officers around him 
bowing their heads as the balls passed. "IS'o dodging, 
gentlemen," said the veteran; "a soldier should not 
dodge." Just then a tremendous ball whizzed by, so 
close to Taylor's head that before he knew it he was 
dodging himself. His ofiicers burst into a hearty laugh. 
The general had to join them. *' Well," said he, " you 
may dodge the balls, if you choose, but do not nm." 

6. Scott's Campaign. — The chief command in the 
war was now intrusted to General Scott. He planned an 
invasion from another quarter, and a descent on Mexico, 
the capital of the enemy's country. Vera Cruz, on the 
Gulf of Mexico, defended by one of the strongest for- 
tresses in America, was first invested, and taken after a 
heav}^ bombardment. 

7. From this point Scott advanced into the interior of 
the country. He met with no resistance till he reached 
the Cordilleras \cor-deel-yaras\ but there had to force 
his way through a rocky pass at the point of the bayonet. 
The Mexican army was routed. So hasty was their re- 
treat that Santa Anna left his wooden leg behind. It was 
found by the x\mericans and sent home as a trophy. 

8. General Scott continued his march (you ^dll find 
his route on the map, p. 176) till he reached the neigh- 
borhood of the city of Mexico. Here the enemy had 



178 



POLK'S ABMimSTRATION. 



[1847 



gathered for a final stand. Their number greatly ex- 
ceeded that of the Americans, and they were protected by 
a succession of strong works, which commanded the ap- 
proaches to the capital. These were taken, one after an- 
other, by dint of hard fighting and incredible exertions on 




Scene in Mexico. 

the part of the Americans. No troops could have be- 
haved better. 

9. Mexico taken. — On the 14th of September, 
1847, General Scott and his men entered the city of Mex- 
ico in triumph. Meanwhile, the northern part of the 
country had been invaded and conquered by an American 
army. The United States was everywhere victorious, and 
the Mexican government was now willing to come to 



1848] TAYLOR'S ADMINISTRATION. 179 

terms. A treaty was made, by which Mexico gave up to 
the United States the disputed territory on the frontier 
of Texas, and the provinces of New Mexico and Upper 
California, which had been already conquered. The 
United States was to pay for these extensive tracts be- 
tween fifteen and twenty millions of dollars. 

10. The only other event of importance during Presi- 
dent Polk's term, was the settlement of a boundary line 
in the northwest with Great Britain. A large section of 
country, known as Oregon, lying between the Rocky 
Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, was claimed by both 
nations. As it was now rapidly becoming settled, it was 
important to have the boundary fixed, and this was at 
length with some difficulty accomplished. 



LESSON LVI. 
TAYLOR AND FILLMORE. 

1. Taylor's Administration. — General Taylor's 
services in the Mexican war were rewarded mth the high- 
est office in the people's gift. He was made President in 
1849 ; and Millard FiUmore, of New York, was at the 
same time elected Vice-president. 

2. California, you remember, was ceded by Mexico 
to the United States. In 1848, a great discovery was 
made there. A laborer, examining some sand that caught 
his eye with its glitter, found it to be mixed with gold. 
Further search showed that the precious metal was abun- 
dant. The news spread. Thousands at once flocked to 
the land of gold, from all parts of the world. California 
became rapidly settled, and now, early in Taylor's term, 
asked to be admitted as a state. 



180 FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION. [1850 

3. The people of the south had negro slavery ; not so, 
those of the north. California wanted to come in as a 
free state. Years before, an agreement had been made 
that slavery should be permitted in all territory south of 
a certain hne and excluded from all north of it. Now, 
as part of California was south of this line, many objected 
to receiving it except wdth slavery as one of its institu- 
tions. Angry feelings were aroused, which were not al- 
layed till Henry Clay appeared as a peacemaker. Con- 
cessions were made by both sides, and a compromise bill 
was passed by Congress. California was admitted Avith- 
out slavery. 

4. While the discussion was going on, the country was 
called a second time to moura for its chief magistrate. 
The good General Taylor died, and Fillmore became 
President. 

5. In 1850, an unlawful expedition was secretly fitted 
out in the United States, against Cuba. It was thought 
that the people of that lovely isle were tired of Spanish 
rule, and would gladly seize on any chance of entering 
the Union. This was found to be a mistake. Six hun- 
dred adventurers from the United States landed on the 
island ; but, finding that no welcome except a hot one 
from the Spanish troops awaited them, they quickly re- 
embarked. The next year a similar attempt was made. 
The adventurers this time were attacked and defeated, 
and several of them, including their leader, executed. 

6. The only remaining events of interest during the 
administration of Taylor and Fillmore were, the fitting 
out of two expeditions for the Arctic Ocean, to aid in 
ascertaining the fate of Sir John Franklin, the English 
explorer; and the death of the three leading states- 
men of America, — John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, 



1 



1853J PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 181 

Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and Daniel Webster, of Mas- 
sachusetts. 

Y. Fillmore was succeeded, on tlie ith of March, 1853, 
by Franklin Pierce, of J^ew Hampshire, who had served 
as a general in the Mexican War. 



LESSON LVII. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE.— JAMES BUCHANAN. 

1. The beginning of Pierce's term was signalized 
by the opening of the World's Fair. A Crystal Palace, 
built of iron and glass, was erected for the enterprise in 
New York. The diiferent states, as well as foreign na- 
tions, contributed their products, and thousands visited 
the exhibition from all parts of the country. 

2. One of the greatest events of Pierce's term was the 
opening of commerce with Japan. Japan is a great em- 
pire, consisting of several large islands in the Pacific 
Ocean. It is occupied by a shrewd but peculiar people, 
who formerly avoided having anything to do with other 
nations. In the hope of opening a trade with this rich 
empire, Commodore Perry had been sent out to it with 
a squadron, bearing various presents and a letter from the 
President. By skilful management he persuaded the em- 
peror to make a treaty and set apart two ports at which 
the merchants of the United States might trade. 

3. There was great excitement in Pierce's term about 
the organizing of two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. 
As they lay north of the old line that had been agreed 
upon, some said that slavery was excluded from them. 
But another party claimed that the agreement had already 



182 BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1857 

been broken by the admission of California as a free state, 
and that it should be left to the people of Kansas and 
l^ebraska to decide for themselves on the subject of slav- 
ery. The latter carried the day. Kansas soon became 
the scene of a bitter struggle between the pro-slavery and 
anti-slavery settlers, and much blood was shed before the 
quarrel was ended. 

4. On the 4th of March, 1857, James Buchanan, 
of Pennsylvania, a distinguished statesman, was inaugu- 
rated as President. In the fall of the same year, a great 
revulsion took place in the mercantile w^orld. Banks sus- 
pended, factories closed, many merchants failed, and a 
genera] panic prevailed. It was some time before busi- 
ness revived and the country recovered. 

5. Difficulties with the Mormons obhged JVIr. Buchan- 
an to send an army into their territory. The Mormons 
lived in Utah, far away from the settled portions of the 
United States. Here they defied the general government, 
claiming the right of naming their own rulers. When 
the army, however, arrived in the neighborhood of their 
chief city, the Mormons changed their tone and agreed 
to recognize the laws and authority of the United States. 

6. Paraguay \_par-a-gwa'\ a South American state, 
having given our government various causes of offence 
and refusing to make reparation, a strong naval force was 
sent out to that country toward the close of 1858. A 
commissioner accompanied the fleet, to settle the difficulty 
if possible, without recourse to violence ; and he succeed- 
ed in so doing. 

7. In the fall of 1859, the United States arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, was seized by John Brown and 
twenty-one associates, and an attempt made to excite an 
insurrection among the slaves. But it totally failed. The 



1861] SECESSION. 183 

movement was put down on the second day, by United 
States marines. Thirteen of tlie party were killed in the 
struggle ; Brown and six of his companions were hanged ; 
only two escaped. 

8. The summer of 1860 was signalized by the arrival 
of an embassy from Japan, — consisting of seventy- 
one persons. They brought the treaty which had been 
agreed upon, for the President's signature. The Japanese 
were received as guests of the nation, and regarded with 
universal interest. They were much pleased with their 
visit, and took back with them many specimens of Ameri- 
can art and industry. 

9. Another object of interest presented itself about 
the same time. This was the mammoth steamship Great 
Eastern, the largest vessel in the world. The Great East- 
ern was built in England, and made its first trip to ISTew 
York. It was over one eighth of a mile long, and attract- 
ed thousands of visitors, some of whom came many miles 
to see this triumph of human skill. 

10. Secession. — In the fail of 1860, Abraham 
Lincoln, of Illinois, was elected President. The South- 
ern leaders, fearing for slavery, had threatened to break 
up the Union if he was elected. All efforts to conciliate 
them were vain. Within three months, seven of the 
Southern States, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Ala- 
bama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, declared that they 
had seceded, or separated, from the Union. On the 4th 
of February, 1861, they formed a separate Union, under 
the name of " the Confederate States of America." Jef- 
ferson Davis, of Mississippi, was chosen President. 

11. Meanwliile, neither Congress nor the President 
did anything to prevent secession. The forts, arsenals, 
and other property in the seceded states, were seized by 



184 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1861 

the Confederates, who at once began to form an army. 
Gloomy indeed was the state of affairs when Mr. Lincoln, 
on the 4th of March, 1861, took his seat in the presiden- 
tial chair. 



LESSON LVIII. 
COMMENCEMENT OF CIVIL WAR. 

1. Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor was still held 
by a United States garrison under Major Anderson, 
though threatened by a large body of Southern troops. 
One of Mr. Lincoln's iirst measures was to send supplies 
and men to the relief of this fort, but they were not al- 
lowed to reach it. Still Major Anderson refused to sur- 
render; and General Beauregard \ho'Te-gaTd\ the Con- 
federate commander, commenced a furious bombardment 
on the 12th of April. After thirty-four hours the garri- 
son were obliged to evacuate the fort, and it fell into the 
hands of the Confederates. 

2. President Lincoln immediately called on the loyal 
states for men, and met with a hearty response. On the 
other hand, within a short time after the fall of Sumter, 
four more states, Yirginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and 
Tennessee, joined the Confederacy. Southern forces 
were rapidly thrown up into Yirginia, and Richmond was 
made the Confederate capital. 

3. For a time Washington was seriously threatened by 
the Confederates. Yolunteers, however, hastened to its 
defence, and the command of the Federal forces was in- 
trusted to the veteran General Scott. He soon made a 
forward movement into Yirginia. An army under Gen- 
eral McClellan gained several victories, and drove out the 



1861] 



BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 



185 



A 



imKersTsurg ^ S o 

P E^N 1!#S Y° L Y^^ii I 



Confederates from tlie western part of tlie state. In eastern 

Yirginia, the Federal forces under General McDowell 

were not so successful. 

4. Bull Run. — Advancing westward from Wasliing- 

ton, General McDowell found the Confederates strongly 

posted on a 
stream called 
Bull Run (see 
map). He tried 
to dislodge 
them, and a 
desperate bat- 
tle ensued. At 
first the Feder- 
als had the ad- 
vantage, but in 
consequence of 
the arrival of 
fresh columns 
of the enemy 
they were final- 
ly routed with 
great loss. Dis- 
may seized on 
the friends of 
the Union, and 
the Confeder- 




Seat of the Civil War tv Virginia axd the Vicinity. 



was 



ate cause 
greatly strengthened both at home and abroad. 

5. The war soon extended to Missouri, This state 
was still loyal, but the Confederates tried hard to wrest it 
from the Union. After several battles, in one of which 
the brave General Lyon fell, they succeeded in gaining 



186 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1861 

possession of the southwestern part of the state. The 
United States forces, on the other hand, gained several 
advantages on the Atlantic coast, capturing a Confederate 
fort at Hatteras Inlet, ISTorth Carohna, and securing the 
fine harbor of Port E-ojal, South Carolina. (See map, p. 
204.) 

6o After the disaster at Bull Run, General McClellan 
was called to command the army of the Potomac. More 
men were raised, and the Federals again assumed the 
offensive. On the 21st of October, they were defeated 
with great loss at Ball's Bluff, on the Potomac. The next 
month, after gaining some advantage at first, they met 
with a reverse at Belmont, Missouri. Kentucky had de- 
clared itself neutral ; but the Confederates invaded the 
state, and erected strong fortifications at Columbus, on the 
Mississippi Piver. 

7. The Blockade. — The Confederates were in great 
need of arms, ammunition, and many other articles. To 
prevent them from obtaining these, the Federal Govern- 
ment blockaded the whole Southern coast, — that is, kept 
up a strong naval force, to capture all vessels coming out 
or going in. Yet swift steamers often succeeded in run- 
ning past the Federal vessels on dark nights, carrying out 
cotton to the West Indies, and bringing back what was 
most needed. 

8. One of these blockade-runners took out two of the 
Confederate leaders, Mason and Slidell, as envoys to Eng- 
land and France. They succeeded in getting on board of 
a British steamer, but were overhauled by Captain Wilkes 
in the San Jacinto, and brought back to the United States. 
This made the British angry, and nearly led to a war with 
England, for which the Confederates were very anxious. 
But when the British government demanded the surrender 



1862] 



MOVEMENTS OF 1862. 



187 



of the prisoners, the United States promptly gave them 
up, and thus war was avoided. 



LESSON LIX. 

MOVEMENTS OF 1862. 

1„ At the beginning of 1863, the Confederates 
had about 350,000 men in the field. Their main body 
lay at Manassas, not far from Bull Eun (see map, p. 185) ; 




(lrM>i>AT AND MOKTAR-BOAT. 

and their batteries commanded the lower Potomac. The 
Federal forces at this time numbered about 575,000 men. 
Early in the year, the Federal General, George H. Thomas, 
gained an important victory at Mill Springs, Kentucky, 
and the Confederates were driven from the eastern part 
of that state. 

2. Commodore Foote had for some time been prepar= 



188 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862 

ing a fleet of gun-boats and mortar-boats for the Federal 
government, at Cairo {ka'ro), Illinois. In February, 1862, 
this fleet and a land force under General Grant captured 
Fort Henry, on the Tennessee Kiver, and Fort Donelson, 
on the Cumberland, with many prisoners, cannon, and 
stores. See if you can find these forts on the map on p. 
189. The enemy were thus obliged to withdraw from 
Kentucky ; and J^ashville, the capital of Tennessee, was 
soon after occupied by a Federal army. 

3. The same month, General Burnside and Commo- 
dore Goldsborough, with a strong land and naval force, 
made a successful descent on Roanoke Island (see map, p. 
29). They met with a brave resistance, but succeeded in 
capturing 3,000 Confederates stationed on the island. 
From this place expeditions were made to various other 
points on the coast of North Carolina. The enemy's ves- 
sels were destroyed, their forces scattered, and their stores 
captured. Among the important places taken were ]^ew- 
bern and Beaufort ihic'foj't). 

4. The Monitor. — A large Federal fleet lay in 
Hampden Roads, near the mouth of the James River. 
One day a powerful iron-clad ram, belonging to the Con- 
federates and called the Virginia, issued from I^orfolk 
and steamed up to the fleet. The wooden vessels Cum- 
berland and Congress were soon destroyed, their broad- 
sides making no impression on the thick armor of their 
iron-clad foe. Darkness then came on, and the ram re- 
tired. 

5. It was feared that the next day this terrible enemy 
would sink every vessel in the harbor, and then escape to 
ravage northern ports. But during the night the little 
floating battery Monitor, commanded by Captain Worden 
{wuT'den)^ arrived from New York. The next morning 



1862] 



ISLAND No. 10.—8HILOH. 



189 



she boldly encountered the Yirginia, drove her back dis- 
abled to Norfolk, and thus saved the rest of the fleet. — 
On the same day that the Yirginia destroyed the Cum- 
berland and Congress, General Curtis defeated the Con- 
federates at Pea Kidge, Arkansas, after three days' des- 
perate flghting. 

6. The Confederates still commanded the lower Missis- 

sippi. They 
had strong 
fortifications 
on Island JSTo. 
10 in that 
river, between 
the Kentucky 
and the Mis- 
som'i shore. 
General Pope 
and Commo- 
dore Foote 
undertook the 
capture of this 
i m p or t a n t 
post. They 

were completely successful, making prisoners of over 
5,000 Confederates, who had been forced to evacuate the 
island. The gun-boats then descended the river, and 
defeated a fleet of the enemy ; and the city of Memphis, 
Tennessee, immediately surrendered. 

7. Battle of Sliiloli. — Following up the capture 
of Forts Henry and Donelson, General Grant moved 
southward. On the sixth of April, the enemy attacked 
his army on the field of Shiloh. The first day of the fight, 
the Confederates drove the national forces to the Tennes- 




Ai-kansas Post' 



Battle-fields in the "West. 



190 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862 

see River, killed and captured great numbers of tiiem, 
and threatened tlie wliole army with destniction. The 
gmi-boats, however, checked the enemy ; and during the 
night Grant was reenforced by an army under General 
Buell, which had marched from Nashville. Resuming 
the battle the next day, he drove back the enemy, who 
retreated to Corinth in the northeastern part of Missis- 
sippi. Followed thither by the Federal forces, they de- 
stroyed their magazine and evacuated the place. 

8. Early in April, Fort Pulaski, the chief defence of 
the city of Savannah, was taken from the Confederates. 
This was followed by the more important capture of New 
Orleans, by Admiral Farragut, who ran past the forts be- 
low the city with part of his fleet amid a storm of shot 
and shells. The forts soon surrendered ; and the gun- 
boats, ascending the river, took other important places. 



LESSON LX. 

MOVEMENTS OF 1862 {CONTINUED). 

1. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign. — The 

army of the Potomac had been preparing through the 
winter for an advance on the Confederate capital. When 
they commenced moving, the enemy fell back to the Rap- 
pahannock River (see map, p. 185). McClellan thought 
he could reach Richmond most easily by the way of the 
peninsula between the James and the York River. Ac- 
cordingly, he transported his troo23S to Fortress Monroe, 
at the mouth of the James, and began his march from 
that point. The enemy resisted his advance at Yorktown 
and Williamsburg, but were obliged to fall back, and the 



1862] THE SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES. 191 

Federal forces at length arrived within seven miles of 
Richmond. 

2. Here McClellan stopped and called for reenforce- 
ments ; but the government could not send him any, for 
Washington was threatened. On the 31st of May, the 
Confederates attacked him at Fair Oaks. They were re- 
pulsed, but McClellan's loss was large. The unhealthy 
swamps in which the Federal army lay, were also rapidly 
thinning its ranks. 

3. McClellan now found it necessary to change his 
base to the James Kiver, where he could have the protec- 
tion of the gun-boats and wait for more men. While 
making this movement, he was fiercely attacked by the 
enemy. A succession of bloody battles followed, lasting 
seven days. It was only with great loss and suffering 
that the National forces were at last brought to the James 
River. 

4. Lee's First Invasion, — Richmond was now 
safe, and General Lee wdth his main body moved to the 
north to take Washington. The troops left for the de- 
fence of the Capital had been placed under General Pope, 
but they were much inferior to the enemy in number. 
McClellan was at once ordered back to the support of 
this force, but l^efore he arrived a series of desperate bat- 
tles had been fought. Pope saved Washington, but it 
was at the cost of 20,000 men and some of the bravest of 
the Federal officers. 

5. General Lee at once pushed across the Potomac 
into Maryland, and occupied Frederick and Hagerstown 
(see map, p. 185). He thought that the people of Mary- 
land would receive him with joy and swell the ranks of 
his army. He soon found he was mistaken. McClellan 
was on his track, and on the 14th of September he was 



192 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION [1862 

obliged to give battle to the National forces at South 
Mountain. A hard-earned victory was won by the Union 
army, and the enemy fell back behind Antietam [aii-te'- 
tani] Creek. 

6. " Stonewall Jackson," one of the ablest of the 
Confederate generals, had been sent against Harper's 
Ferry before the battle of South Mountain. Having 
taken it and its garrison of over 11,500 men, he rejoined 
Lee in time for the great battle of Antietam, September 
iTth, 1862. The loss on both sides at Antietam was se- 
vere, but the advantage was with the JS^ational forces. 
Lee withdi'ew his army, unmolested, across the Potomac, 
having lost in his Maryland campaign not far from 30,000 
men. 

1. ^IcClellan was now superseded by General Burn- 
side. He resolved to try the advance to Kichmond by 
way of Fredericksburg, which you wdll find on the Eap- 
pahannock Kiver, on the map, p. 185. As his army gath- 
ered on one side of the river, Lee's appeared on the 
other. Before Bumside was able to procure pontoons to 
cross the river, the enemy had fortified themselves strong- 
ly on the heights back of the city. The most heroic ef- 
forts were put forth by the Union army to carry these 
heights, but without success, and Bumside was obliged to 
recross the river, with a loss of 12,000 men. Thus, at the 
end of 1862, the army of the Potomac was as far from 
Eichmond as ever. 



1862] BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO, 193 



LESSON LXI. 

MOVEMENTS OF 1S62 {CONTINUED) AND 1863. 

1. Western Movements. — In the latter part of 
1862, two Confederate armies, nnder Generals Kirbj 
Smith and Bragg, overran Tennessee and Kentncky. 
After gaining victories at Eichmond and Mnnfordsville, 
Kentucky, they nnited at Frankfort, the capital of the 
state. Cincinnati was saved only by the energy of Gen- 
eral Wallace. Biiell, w^ho had followed Bragg from Ten- 
nessee with a Union army, occupied Louisville, and thus 
saved it from plunder. After ravaging the country and 
forcing into his ranks all whom he could, Bragg fell back 
into East Tennessee, \\ith a large train of wagons laden 
with spoils. 

2. Meanwhile, Grant and his connnand had not been 
idle. In September General Rosecrans defeated the Con- 
federates at I-u'ka, Mississippi, and the next month re- 
pulsed them with great loss at Corinth. Rosecrans was 
now ordered to supersede Buell, and on the 31st of De- 
cember he gave battle to Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennes- 
see. For three fearful days victory was doubtful, but at 
last it was secured to the Union, the Confederate army 
retreating on the night of January 3d. 

3. Financial Measures. — A million and a quarter 
dollars a day were needed to carry on the war. To raise 
this vast sum. Congress increased the duties on various 
imported articles, laid taxes on incomes and manufactures, 
and required stamps to be placed on deeds, bonds, mort- 
gages, &c. They also authorized the issue of government 
bonds and United States notes, or " green-backs ", to a 



194 LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. [1863 

large amount. The banks had some tune before sus- 
pended specie payment, — that is, had ceased to pay out 
gold or silver. Gold, therefore, commanded a premium ; 
$100 in gold, at one time during the war, was worth $298 
in paper money. 

4. The 1st of January, 1863, was made memorable by 
a proclamation of President Lincoln. By authority given 
him by Congress, he declared slavery abolished in all states 
then in insurrection, except in such parts as w^ere held by 
the Federal Government. 

5. Hooker's Campaign. — Early in 18G3, General 
Hooker was placed in command of the army of the Poto- 
mac, which still lay opposite Fredericksburg. In April 
Hooker assumed the offensive, and, crossing the Rappa- 
hannock, gave battle to the enemy at Chancellorsville (see 
map, p. 185), on the 2d and 3d of May. The conflict was 
disastrous to the l^ational army, which was obliged to re- 
cross the Rappahannock ^\dth a loss of 11,000 men. In 
this battle the Confederate General, " Stonewall Jackson ", 
received a mortal wound. 

6. Lee's Second Invasion. — After repulsing 
Hooker, Lee a second time invaded Maryland. Crossing 
that state he advanced into southern Pennsylvania, and 
seized Chambersburg and York. The Pennsylvanians rose 
to defend their native soil ; and General Meade, who had 
now taken Hooker's place, followed close on the invaders. 
Lee found it necessary to give battle at Gettysburg ; you 
will find this place on the map, on page 185. The strug- 
gle lasted three days (July 1st — 3d), and resulted in a 
complete victory to the Union arms. Lee fell back be- 
yond the Rappahannock, and the Federal army again took 
position on that river. 

7. Grant's Mississippi Campaign. — An unsuc- 



1863] 



CAPTURE OF VICKSBURG 



195 



cessful attack had been made, at the close of 1862, on 
the strongly fortified city of Yicksbnrg, held by the Con- 
federates. Shortly afterward the attack was renewed by 
General Grant, wdth a strong land and naval force. In 
May, 1863, Grant gained a 
snccession of victories in Mis- 
sissippi, and drove the Con- 
federates into their intrench- 
ments at Yicksburg, which he 
now resolved to reduce by 
siege. 

8. The Confederate com- 
mander at Yicksburg held out 
as long as possible, in hope of 
aid. But no aid came; pro- 
visions grew scarce; and on 
the 4th of July he was obliged 
to surrender with his whole 
garrison of over 30,000 men. 

9. Four days later, Port 
Hudson, a strong Confederate 

post in Louisiana (see map) surrendered to General Banks. 
The Mississippi was thus at length opened ; and these 
victories, following closely on Lee's defeat in Pennsyl- 
vania, filled tlie North with joy. 




Scene of Grant's Mississippi Cam- 



LESSON LXII. 

MOVEMENTS OF 1863 {CONTINUED). 

1. The Draft. — In the summer of 1863, to obtain 
the necessary men for the army, President Lincohi, by 
the authority of Congress, ordered a draft, — ^that is, that 



196 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1863 

a certain number should be drawn by lot from tlie whole 
body of citizens, who should be compelled either to go to 
the war themselves or to furnish substitutes. This gave 
rise to riots in different quarters. 

2. When the draft commenced in Xew York city, 
July 13th, a great mob collected, attacked the buildings 
in which the lots were being drawn, burned down many 
houses, and committed fiendish outrages. For three days 
they had control of the city, the militia having gone to 
Pennsylvania, at the President's call, to aid in repelling 
Lee. At the end of that time, a sufficient force was as- 
sembled to put down the marauders and restore order. 

o. Morgan's Raid, — In June of this same year, 
the partisan leader Morgan, with 2,500 Confederates, made 
a raid through southern Ohio. They proposed, after plun- 
dering and destroying all that lay in their path, to recross 
the Ohio River and join Lee in Maryland. Their plans 
were frustrated by the brave men of Ohio and a Union 
force which had followed the invaders from Kentucky. 
Morgan was defeated and captured, July 2Gth. 

4. Active operations were carried on by both parties 
on the x\tlantic coast. The Confederates tried to recapt- 
ure Newbern, but were repulsed. A fleet of National iron- 
clads and a strong land-force under General Gillmore were 
sent to Charleston harbor. Several batteries of the enemy 
were taken, and Fort Sumter was furiously bombarded 
till its walls crumbled. A destructive fire was also opened 
by the Uniou batteries on the city of Charleston, which 
was abandoned by most of its inhabitants. 

5. In June, Posecrans, whose army had remained at 
Murfreesboro, again took the field against Bragg, and 
obliged him to fall back, first to Chattanooga in the south- 
eastern part of Tennessee, and then to northwestern 



1863] 



MOVEMENTS ABOUT CHATTANOOGA. 



197 



Georgia. Here Bragg, having been largely reenforeed, 
suddenly fell on the Federal army, near Chickamanga 
Creek, which yon 
will find on the map, 
page 204. The Fed- 
erals, ^\ith the ex- 
ception of Thomas's 
di visi on , were driven 



,r,o^^- 




back in confusion, and it was 
not without heavy loss that 
Rosecrans concentrated his 
forces at Chattanooga. 

T). Lookout Movm- 
taiii. — Bragg at once cut 
Rosecrans's lines of commu- 
nication, and for a time the 
Federal army was in serious 
danger. General Hooker, 
however, with reenf orcements from the army of the Poto ■■ 



198 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1863 

mac, succeeded in opening the Tennessee Eiver, so that 
supplies could be brought in. Soon afterward, General 
Grant, who had superseded Eosecrans, arrived at Chatta- 
nooga. Finding that a large division had left Bragg's 
army, he took the field, gained two brilliant victories, and 
drove the enemy to Ringgold, Georgia. The first of these 
victories was won by Hooker's men on Lookout Mountain, 
at such a height that they were hidden by the clouds 
from the spectators below. (See map, p. 20-i.) 

7. The division that left Bragg, under General Long- 
street, hastened toward Knoxville, about 100 miles north- 
east of Chattanooga. Burnside was here with an army 
which he had employed in driving the enemy from north- 
eastern Tennessee. The Confederates made a fierce at- 
tack on the Union forces, but were repulsed, and then 
laid siege to the city. It was for a time hard pressed, but 
was at last relieved by General Sheriuan, wiio had moved 
with a large force from Chattanooga after Bragg's defeat. 

8. Missouri and Arkansas were throughout most of 
this year the scenes of war and violence. Contending 
armies overran both states, and guerrillas and marauders 
followed in their track, committing outrages of ev^ery 
kind. Here also the Federal arms were successful, and 
by the close of the year the greater part of both states 
was restored to the Union. 



LESSON LXIII. 
MOVEMENTS OF 1864. 

1. Red River Expedition.— Early in 1864, Gen- 
eral Banks, wdth a large army supported by a powerful 



1864] RED RIVER EXPEDITION. 199 

fleet under Admiral Porter, set out from Kew Orleans, to 
open the Ked River and drive the Confederates from 
western Louisiana. As long as the army was protected 
by the dreaded gun -boats, it met with no difficulty, and 
succeeded in taking several important posts. But soon 
after the Federals left the river, their advance, which 
was some miles distant from the main body, was furiously 
attacked (April 8th) by the enemy in front and on both 
flanks, and routed with great loss. 

2. The next day, the attack was renewed on the main 
body, but General Smith's division saved the exhausted 
army, and enabled it to reach the river. The expedition 
was abandoned. The fleet turned back, and was greatly 
annoyed on its return by hostile batteries. After it as- 
cended the river, the water had fallen ; and it was only 
with great difficulty and by the constriction of a dam 
that the gun-boats were got over the rapids. 

3. Several other advantages were gained by 
the Confederates early in the year, particularly in Ten- 
nessee. Among these was the capture of Fort Pillow, on 
the Mississippi River, YO miles above Memphis. Plym- 
outh, JS'orth Carolina, was also taken by a Confederate 
force, assisted by the iron-clad ram Albemarle. The Al- 
bemarle was afterward sunk by Lieutenant Gushing, who 
exploded a torpedo under her. 

4. On the 3d of March, 1864, General Grant was 
raised to the highest rank in the army of the United 
States, — that of Lieutenant-General. Turning over the 
large force which lay in and about Chattanooga to Gen- 
eral Sherman, with directions to advance on Atlanta, 
Georgia, he hastened to the army of the Potomac, to 
move on the Confederate capita]. 

5. Fall of Atlanta, — Sherman was soon in the 



200 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1864 

field. By a succession of masterly movements, now out- 
flanking the enemy and now forcing tliem from their 
position by hard blow^s, he at last drove them to their for- 
tifications before Atlanta, and laid siege to the city. 
Three furious attacks were made on the besieging force, 
but without success. Sherman having finally succeeded 
in cutting the comnmnications of the enemy and severing 
a large detachment from the main body, the Confederates 
evacuated the city, and on the 2d of September the JS^a- 
tional forces entered it in triumph. 

6. Grrant's Advance on Riclinioncl.— Grant, 
with the army of the Potomac, advanced upon Eichmond 
by way of the Wilderness, west of Chancellorsville (see 
map, p. 185). Lee gave him battle. May 5th, Gth, Tth, but 
was obliged to fall back. Hard fighting, with fearful loss 
on both sides, was continued day after day, till at last Lee 
was forced to Riclmiond. Grant then withdrew his army 
south of the Potomac, and tried to take Petersburg. He 
was prevented from so doing by a strong force thrown 
into its defences by Lee. 

Y. In connection with the attack on Richmond, two 
attempts, both unsuccessful, were made by the Federals 
on Lynchburg, Yirginia. Hunter, in retreating from the 
latter of these, left the valley of the Shenando'ah River 
undefended ; and General Early, with 20,000 men, seized 
the opportunity to invade Maryland the third time. 
Plundering as he went, he approached within a few miles 
of Baltimore, and a detachment of his army even entered 
the suburbs of Washington. They were speedily repulsed, 
and the whole body soon afterward crossed the Potomac 
with their booty. 

8. A Federal column started in pursuit, gained some 
advantage at first, but was finally driven back. Again 



1864] SIEGE OF PETERSBURG. 201 

(July 29th) Early threw part of his force across the Poto- 
mac. ]^ot till General Sheridan was intrusted with its 
defence, was the Shenandoah valley secured to the Union. 
9. Before day on the 19th of October, 1864, the Fed- 
eral army of the Shenandoah was suddenly attacked by 
the enemy at Cedar Creek, thrown into confusion and 
rout. It was then that Sheridan made his famous ride of 
twenty miles from Winchester, and by his presence turned 
defeat into a signal victory, taking many guns and prison- 
ers. Beaten in all his encounters with Sheridan, Early at 
last relinquished the valley to his antagonist. 



LESSON LXIV. 

MOVEMENTS OF 1864 {CONTINUED), 

1. The Alabama sunk. — The summer of 1864 
was signalized by the destruction of the Alabama, a Con- 
federate privateer built in England, commanded by Cap- 
tain Semmes, which had been roaming the seas, pillaging 
and burning American merchantmen. She was sunk by 
the Kearsarge, after a short contest, oft' the coast of France. 
Two other privateers, the Florida and the Georgia, were 
captured during the year by National vessels. 

2. Siege of Petersburg. — Meanwhile, Grant and 
his army were hard at work before Petersburg. A 
breach was made in the enemy's defences by the explo- 
sion of a mine ; but, when the Union forces attempted to 
enter through the opening, they were driven back with a 
loss of 5,000 men. Expeditions were sent out to cut the 
railroads that supplied the enemy, and the Confederate 
lines were attacked at different points on both sides of 



202 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1864 

the James River, but no very great advantages were 
gained. 

3. In August, Admiral Farra^it distinguished 
himself by his achievements in Mobile Bay. This bay 
was defended by three Confederate forts, as many gun- 
boats, and the iron-clad ram Tennessee. Farragut ran 
past the forts, and captured or disabled the Confederate 
fleet, one gun-boat alone escaping. Supported by a land 
force, he then turned on the forts. One of tliese was 
blown up by its garrison, and the other two were obliged 
to yield to his furious bombardment. Thus the way was 
opened to Mobile. 

4. Lincoln's Reelection. — In the fall of 18G4, 
Mr. Lincoln was reelected President, over General Mc- 
Clellan, who ran against him. At the same time, Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, was chosen Yice-president. 

5. Sherman's March to the Sea. — After taking 
Atlanta, Sherman allowed his army to rest for two months 
and a half, and then commenced one of the memorable 
movements of the war. Leaving men enough behind un- 
der General Thomas to protect Tennessee from the Con- 
federate army which had been driven from Atlanta, he 
abandoned his lines in the interior and marched for the 
coast, sweeping a tract from twenty to sixty miles wide, 
destroying raih'oads, hving on the country, and striking 
terror into the inhabitants. The enemy could make little 
resistance. Within a month the coast was reached. Fort 
McAUister near Savannah was taken, and communication 
was opened with the Federal fleet. The Confederates 
were obliged to evacuate Savannah, which on the 21st of 
December was occupied by the I^ational army. 

6. No sooner had Sherman moved from Atlanta than 
Hood, the Confederate commander, invaded Tennessee. 



1865] CAPTURE OF WILMINGTON. 203 

The Union forces were driven back from point to point, 
till at last they made a stand near Nashville. While Hood 
was preparing to blockade the river and cut the railroad?;, 
General Thomas attacked him (December 15th), drove 
him from his position in great disorder, and captured 
many cannon and prisoners. Hood then withdrew the 
remnants of his array into northern Alabama. 

7. Wilmington, on the coast of ]N"orth Carolina, 
had been a great resort of blockade-runners throughout 
the war. It was defended by Forts Fisher and Caswell. 
In December, 1864, Admiral Porter and General Butler 
set out to reduce these forts and take the city. The 
Federal fleet soon silenced the guns of Fort Fisher ; but 
General Butler, thinking the works too strong to be taken 
by assault, gave up the undertaking. Some days after- 
ward the attempt was renewed by General Terry, with 
complete success. The forts were taken, and on the 22d 
of February, 1865, the National flag waved over Wil- 
mington. 

8. Toward the close of 1864, various schemes were 
set on foot by Confederates in Canada, for injuring the 
people and property of the loyal states. One party made 
a raid on St. Albans [awVhun3\ in the northern part of 
Vermont, robbed the banks, and escaped across the fron- 
tier. Another party captured and burned two steamboats 
on Lake Erie. A third attempted to burn the city of 
JSTew York by setting fire to several of the large hotels ; 
the flames were put out, however, before much damago 
was done. 



204 



LINCOLN 'S ADMINISTRA TION. 



[1865 



LESSON LXY. 
CLOSING MOVEMENTS OF THE WAR. 

1. Sherman's March throvigh the Carolinas. 

— After a short rest at Savannah, Sherman^s army were 
again in the field. Thej marched across South CaroHna, 
taking Columbia, the capital of the state, on the ITth of 



^S3] 




Sheentan's Maech to the Seaboaed. 



February, 1865. Thence they advanced into IS'orth Caro- 
lina. After two engagements with the enemy, who had 
concentrated to oppose their progress, they entered Golds- 
boro, and soon afterward occupied Raleigh, the cajjital of 
the state, the Confederate army falhng back to the north- 
west. 

2. Sherman's movements in his rear, and the near ap- 
proach of Gillmore's batteries, warned tlie Confederate 
commander in Charleston that his position was no longer 



1865] CLOSE OF THE WAR. 205 

safe. Accordinglj, having set iire to tlie store-houses 
containing cotton, he evacuated the city and the forts in 
the harbor, which were occupied bj the Federal armj on 
the 18th of February. The bombardment of the city had 
continued 542 days. 

3. General Sheridan, with part of his force, made a 
brilliant movement at this time up the Shenandoah valley. 
Eouting a body of Confederates on his way, he rapidly 
advanced in the direction of Richmond, and destroyed the 
railroad and canal by which it received most of its sup- 
plies. Then, crossing the James, he joined the army be- 
fore Petersburg. 

4. The Confederate leaders, seeing that an overwhelm- 
ing force was being brought against them, on the 25th of 
March made a desperate attempt to break Grant's lines 
and cut off part of his army. They were at first partially 
successful, but were finally repulsed. General Grant, in 
turn, pushed the enemy vigorously, and advanced his lines. 

5. Close of the War. — On the 2d of April, an at- 
tack was made by the Federal forces along the whole line 
in front of Petersburg, and the Confederates were driven 
from their intrenchments. Petersburg and Richmond 
could be held no longer, and that same night they were 
evacuated by the Confederates. It was felt that now the 
war must soon terminate. 

C. Lee's army retreated toward Lynchburg, where it 
was intended to make another stand ; but Sheridan inter- 
cepted the fugitives, completely routed them, and took 
several thousand prisoners. Lee was now forced to sur- 
render, and on the 9th of April, 1865, his whole army 
laid down their arms. This joyful intelligence was fol- 
lowed by news of the surrender of Mobile, and important 
successes gained in North Carolina, Alabama, and Georgia, 



206 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1865 

bj large detachments of Federal troops under Generals 
Stoneman and Wilson. 

7. Assassination of President Lincoln. — In 

the midst of these glad tidings came the appalling news that 
President Lincoln had been assassinated. He was shot on 
the evening of April Ittth, in the theatre at Washington, 
by John Wilkes Booth, a violent partisan of the South, 
and died the next morning. Never was sorrow so intense 
and general seen throughout the land, as when this ter- 
rible event was announced. The same night that the 
President was murdered, an attempt was made on the life 
of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, at that time con- 
fined to his bed by illness. The assassin failed in his pur- 
pose, though he wounded Mr. Seward and three others 
who were present. 

8. Strenuoue eft'orts were made to arrest the mur- 
derers. After some days. Booth and an accomplice were 
traced to a barn, and summoned to surrender. The latter 
did so ; but Booth, refusing, was shot down, while in the 
act of aiming at his pursuers. The accomplice referred 
to and three others were found guilty by a military court 
and hanged. Three others connected with the plot were 
sentenced to imprisonment for Hfe, and one to hard labor 
for six years. 



I m I — 



LESSON LXVI. 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. The day after President Lincoln's assassination, 
Andrew Jolmson, of Tennessee, took the oath of 
ofiice as President of the United States. He had risen 
from an humble rank in life, through various offices, to 



1865] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 207 

be governor of his state and United States senator. He 
had remained lojal throughout the war, and while acting 
as military governor of Tennessee under President Lin- 
coln had been elected Vice-president of tlie United States. 

2. Lee's surrender was the death-blow of the Con- 
federacy. Johnson's army of about 30,000 men, which 
had opposed Sherman in Xorth Carolina, laid down their 
arms April 26th, and the next month the remaining Con- 
federate forces followed their example. The war was 
now at an end, Jeiferson Davis tried to escape to the 
coast, but was intercepted in Georgia by AYilson's cavalry. 
He was confined for a time under an indictment for trea- 
son, but was finally released on bail. His trial was de- 
ferred, and at last given up altogether. 

3. On the close of the war, government raised the 
blockade of the Southern ports, reduced the navy, and 
disbanded a great part of the army. A debt of about 2J 
billions of dollars had been incurred, but this did not dis- 
courage the people, rejoicing as they did at the return 
of peace. By a proclamation of the President, issued 
May 29, 1865, pardon was granted to most of those who 
had taken part in the secession movement, and there was 
a general disposition in the South to peld to the new 
state of affairs. 

4. In 1865, slavery was abolished in the United States, 
This w^as effected by an amendment to the constitution, 
proposed by Congress before the close of the war, and 
ratified by three-fourths of the states. Different bills were 
afterward passed for the protection of the freedmen. 

5. A society known as Fenians had for some time ex- 
isted in Ireland, the L^nited States, and elsewhere, formed 
for the purpose of wresting Ireland from the British crown 
and making it independent. In June, 1866, bodies of 



208 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION [1868 



681 



Fenians residing in the United States crossed the frontier 
and invaded Canada. After some skirmishing, thej were 
driven back. Thongh the English had aided the Confed- 
erates in the recent war, President Johnson at once issued 
a proclamation that the nentrality of the country must be 
preserved, and took such measures as put a stop to the 
movement. 

6. During 1866 and 1867, tliere were much excitement 
and bitter feeling on the question of Reconstruction, — 
that is, of restoring the seceded states to their former po- 
sition in the Union. The President and Congress differed 
widely in opinion, the latter insisting, among other things, 
on further guarantees of the rights of the freedmen. It 
was only after a long struggle that most of the seceded 
states were, in July, 1868, restored to their former rela- 
tions in the Union. 

7. In 1867, Russian America, an immense terri- 
tory of nearly 600,000 square miles in the northwestern 
part of I^orth America, was bought by the United States 
for $7,200,000 in gold. It is a cold and rugged region, 
valuable chiefly for its fisheries and furs. 

8. Jolmson impeached. — The hostility between 
Congress and the President became greater than ever in 
the spring of 1868. On the President's attempting to 
remove the Secretary of War, the majority in Congress 
declared that he had violated a law which made the con- 
sent of the senate necessary to such removals, and im- 
peached him of " high crimes and misdemeanors ", with 
the view of removing him from office. He was tried by 
the senate ; but, two-thirds of that body having failed to 
pronounce him guilty, he was acquitted. 

9. On the approach of the presidential election of 
1868, the republicans nominated for president General 



1869] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 209 

Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois ; for vice-president, Schuyler 
Colfax, of Indiana. The democratic candidates were Ho- 
ratio Seymour, of New York, and General Francis P. 
Blair, of Missouri. The republican candidates were suc- 
cessful, and on the 4th of March, 1869, General Grant 
was inaugurated. 



LESSON LXVII. 
GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. General Grant was rewarded with the presi- 
dency on account of his services as a soldier. He had re- 
ceived a thorough military education at West Point, and 
had gone through the Mexican War with distinction, but 
had retired from the army after reaching the rank of cap- 
tain. When the Civil War broke out, he was engaged in 
business in Illinois, little thinking he would ever be presi- 
dent. 

2. President Grant agreed with Congress on most 
public questions. The Constitution was amended so as 
to secure the right of voting to colored men equally with 
white citizens. Such of the seceded states as were still 
out of the Union, were readmitted ; and in the spring of 
1870 all the states were, as of old, represented in Congress. 

3. The Pacific Railroad.— May, 1869, witnessed 
the completion of a great work. This was the Pacific 
Railroad, over 1,900 miles in length. It joined San 
Francisco, on the Pacific coast, with the Missouri River, 
at Omaha [o'ma-haw^ — and, by its eastern connections, 
Avith the Atlantic seaboard. Government had to help 
build it, for it was no small undertaking to run so lono- a 
road through an uninhabited country, and across two great 



210 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. [1871 

mountain-cliains, at the height of a mile or more above 
the level of the sea. There were great rejoicings, and 
with good reason, when the last spike was driven. 

4. Alabama Claims. — In 1871, an important treaty 
was made at Washington, to settle several disputed points 
between the United States and Great Britain. Chief 
among these were the " Alabama claims ". The Alabama 
and other privateers fitted out in British ports during the 
Civil War had done great damage to American vessels, 
and for this the United States called on England to pay. 
The question was left to arbiters of different nations, who 
met at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1872, and awarded to the 
United States $15,500,000 in gold. 

5. A terrible fire laid half of the city of Chicago in 
rains, in the fall of 1871. About a year afterward, Bos- 
ton suffered from a similar visitation. Some of the finest 
blocks of buildings in the country were thus destroyed, 
but the energy of the citizens soon raised them again 
from their ashes. 

6. In N'ovember, 1872, General Grant was reelected 
president, and Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, was 
chosen vice-president. Horace Greeley, a " liberal repub- 
lican ", long prominent as founder and editor of the New 
York Tribune, ran against President Grant on the demo- 
cratic ticket. He survived the excitements of the cam- 
paign only for a few weeks. 

7. The Credit Mobilier. — About this time a great 
scandal was occasioned by the " Credit Mobilier". This 
was a stock company that had made large profits by build- 
ing the Union Pacific Railroad. It came out that some 
of the stock had passed into the hands of members of 
Congress; and it was suspected that their votes might 
thus have been corruptly influenced in questions relating 



1872] 



MODOC WAR. 



211 



to the road. Congress investigated the matter, and found 
out things that were damaging to several prominent piib- 
Hc servants. 

8. The Mo'cloc Indians, living on the southern 
borders of Oregon, gave trouble early in Grant's second 




FoKT K^ro Indian Trading-Post in the Far West. 

term. They had agreed to leave their lands and go on a 
reservation ; but, when the United States authorities at- 
tempted to remove them, they resisted, and took refuge 
in ^' lava-beds '', where it was hard to reach them. 

Peace-commissioners were sent to treat with them ; 
but at a meeting held in April, 1873, the treacherous sav- 
ages violated the tiag of truce, and killed one of the com- 
missioners and the commander of the department. The 
war was then pushed till the murderers were taken ; in 
the fall, they were hanged. 



212 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATIOK [1873 

9. Political difficulties occurred during Grant's second 
term in several of the southern states, — particularly in 
Louisiana. Here two rival governors claimed to be elect- 
ed ; and tlieir partisans canie into violent collision. The 
president sent down Federal troops to support the claim- 
ant whom he regarded as elected ; but this was looked 
upon by many as an improper interference. The trouble 
was renewed from time to time; and at the close of 
Grant's administration there were tv/o organized state 
governments, each claiming to be the legal one. 

10. Among the remaining events of this administra- 
tion, the principal were as follows : — 

A disastrous panic in 1873, followed by a business de- 
pression for several years. 

A difficulty with Spain, in consequence of the capture 
of a vessel bearing the American flag by one of her war- 
steamers. Spain alleged that the vessel in question was 
carrying men and arms to help the Cubans, who were 
trying to throw off the Spanish yoke. This difficulty was 
peaceably settled, but not till after about a hundred men 
had been taken ashore and executed. 

The admission of Colorado \kol-o-rali' do\ into the Un- 
ion, as the thirty-eighth state. 

A war with the Sioux \80o\ during which General 
Custer and his detachment were cut off. 

11. The Centennial Year, 1876, was celebrated 
with a grand Exhibition of the industries of all nations at 
Philadelphia. It remained open six months, attracted 
exhibitors and visitors from all parts of the world, and 
was every way creditable to the people whose hundredth 
year of national existence it commemorated. 

12. For President Grant's successor, the republicans 
nominated Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio ; the 



1877] HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 213 

democrats, Governor Samuel J. Tilden, of New York. 
AVilliam A. Wheeler, of New York, was the republican 
nominee for the vice-presidency, and Governor Hen- 
dricks, of Indiana, the democratic. The election, held in 
November, 1876, was attended with much excitement, 
for some of the returns were questioned, and the result 
was long in doubt. The disputed certificates having been 
referred to a commission appointed to decide on them, 
Hayes and Wheeler were declared to have a majority of 
the electoral votes. The inauguration took place, March 
5, 18TT. 



LESSON LXVIII. 

HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. President Hayes was born in Ohio. He was a 
lawyer by profession, and had served w^ith distinction in 
the Civil War. He had twice been chosen to represent 
his native state in Congress, and was serving in his third 
term as governor of Ohio when elected president. 

2. Political troubles in Louisiana and South Carolina 
first required the president's attention. In each of these 
states there were two rival governors, both claiming to 
have been rightfully elected. In each the republican 
governor Avas sustained by Federal troops. These Presi- 
dent Hayes determined to withdraw, leaving to the peo- 
ple of each state the control of their own local affairs. 
The result was the establishment of the democratic gov- 
ernors and the restoration of peace. 

3. The wide-spread depression of business had obliged 
many of the raih'oad companies to reduce the wages of 
those in their employ ; and this, in the summer of 1877, 



214 HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. [1879 

led to a general strike. For a time, in some parts of the 
country, no trains were allowed to run. Kiots took place 
at Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Chicago, and elsewhere, and 
much valuable property belonging to the railroad compa- 
nies was destroyed. It was not without the aid of the 
Federal government and national troops that these dis- 
turbances were put down. 

4. Silver made a Legal Tender, — When the 
banks ceased to pay out gold and silver in 1861 (p. 191), 
coin for the most part passed out of circulation ; but on 
the 1st of January, 1879, the banks resumed specie pay- 
ments, and gold as well as silver once more came into 
general use. Before this. Congress had authorized the 
coinage of the standard silver dollar, and made it a " legal 
tender", so that debts could be paid in silver. 

5. Ute War. — In the northwestern part of Colorado 
lived the Utes, a tribe of Indians who preferred hunting 
and their w^ild life to faiTQ-labor. In 1879 the United 
States agent insisted on their tilling the soil ; and, wlien 
they showed opposition and hostility, a small body of 
troops advanced to support his authority. Irritated by 
this, as well as by the encroachments of vrhite miners on 
their reservation, the Utes murdered the agent, attacked 
the troops, and killed the commanding officer. Reenforce- 
ments promptly arrived ; and with the aid of these, and 
through the efforts of a friendly chief, peace was Unally 
restored. 

G. New Treaty with China. — A strong feeling 
against excessive Chinese immigration prevailed in Cali- 
fornia during Hayes's term. Great numbers of Chinese 
were constantly crossing the Pacific to that state ; and, 
theii* wants being few, they were willing to take lower 
wages than American workmen could live on, thus entire- 



ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 215 

Ij slmtting out from the latter certain branches of indus- 
try. To meet this difficulty, a new treaty was made with 
China in 1880, securing to the United States control of 
the immigration from the former country. 

7. At the presidential election of 1880 the 
republican ticket was successful. General James A. Gar- 
tield, of Ohio, was chosen president, and General Chester 
A. Arthur, of I^ew York, vice-president, — over the demo- 
cratic candidates. General Winheld S. Hancock, of Penn- 
sylvania, and the Hon. William H. English, of Indiana. 
General Garfield was inaugurated on the 4tli of March, 
1881. On July 2d, he was shot down in Washington 
by a disappointed office-seeker, and died, after hovering 
for eleven weeks between life and death, September 
19th. 

8. General Garfield was born in Ohio in 1831. 
His youth was a continuous struggle with poverty, and 
he could ill afford to spare from his labors the three 
months he devoted each winter to attendance at ths dis- 
trict school. When fourteen years of age he learned the 
carpenter's trade, and his seventeenth summer was passed 
as a driver on the Ohio Canal. From the tow-path he 
rose, as we have seen, to the presidential chair, and the 
secret of his success is to be found in his persevering in- 
dustry and his unchanging adherence to principle. 



LESSON LXIX. 

ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. By the death of General Garfield, the vice-j^resi- 
dent, General Chester A. Arthur, became president 



216 ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION-. 

of the United States. Mr. Arthur was another self-made 
man. After his graduation from I'nion College in 1849, 
he supported himself bj teaching while pursuing the 
study of law. He began the practice of his profession 
in New York City, served his adopted state in a con- 
spicuous manner during the Civil War, and between 
18Y1 and 1878 was collector of customs for the port of 
New York. 

2. The feeling against Chinese immigration that ^yq- 
vailed during President Hayes's term led to the passage 
of a bill suspending it for ten years. This bill was ap- 
proved by the president, and became a law in Api-il, 1882. 

3. Another bill, providing for the punishment of big- 
amy and polygamy by fine and imprisonment, was also 
approved by President Arthur. 

4. In his annual message to Congress, December 4, 
1882, the president recommended the abolition of cer- 
tain taxes, the reduction of duties, and the adoption of 
measures calculated to improve the condition of the 
Indians. 

5. President Arthur also strongly urged Congress to 
adopt some means of reform in the method of appoint- 
ment to public offices. Accordingly, both Houses at 
once began discussing the subject of civil - service re- 
form, and a Civil-Service Reform Bill, providing that 
public positions shall be filled by competitive examina- 
tions in stead of by the recommendations of Congress- 
men, passed both Houses, and in July, 1883, went into 
operation as a law. Great good has already been accom- 
plished by it. 

6. A bill also passed the Senate on January 25, 1884, 
providing that, in case both the president and the \dce- 
president should die or be disabled, the duties of presi- 



ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 217 

dent should be discharged by a member of the Cabinet, 
the sucession to be in the following order : the secre- 
tary of state, the secretary of the treasury, the secre- 
tary of war, the attorney-general, the postmaster-general, 
the secretary of the navy, and the secretary of the in- 
terior. 



10 



218 



ST A TES ADMITTED.— PRESIDENTS. 



STATES ADMITTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 

(For the Thirteen Original States, see p. 73.) 



14. Vermont 1791. 

15. Kentucky 1792. 

16. Tennessee 1790. 

17. Ohio 1802. 

18. Louisiana 1812. 

19. Indiana 1816. 

20. Mississippi 1817. 

21. Illinois 1818. 

22. Alabama 1819. 

23. Maine 1820. 

24. Missouri 1821. 

25. Arkansas 1&36. 

26. Michigan 1^37. 



27. Texas 1845. 

28. Florida 1845. 

29. Iowa 1846. 

30. Wisconsin 1848. 

31. California 1850. 

32. Minnesota 1858. 

33. Oregon 1859. 

34. Kansas 1861. 

35. West Virginia 1863. 

36. Nevada 1864. 

37. Nebraska 1867. 

38. Colorado 1876. 



PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



No. 


Name. 


State. 


In Office. 


Bori!. 


Died. 


1. 
2. 
3 


George Washington 

John Adams 


Virginia 

Massachusetts 


1789-1797 

1797-1801 

1801-1809 

1809-1817 

1817-1825 

1825-1829 

1829-1837 

1837-1841 

1&41-1 mo. 

1841-1845 

1845-1849 

1849-1850 

1850-1853 

1853-1857 

1857-1861 

1861-1865 

1865-1869 

1869-1877 

1877-1881 

1881-4 mo. 

1881- 


1732 
1735 
1743 
1751 
1758 
1767 
1767 
1782 
1773 
1790 
1795 
1784 
1800 
1804 
1791 
1809 
1808 
1822 
1822 
1831 
1830 


1799 
1826 
1826 
ia36 
1831 
1848 
1845 
1862 
1841 
1862 
1849 








5 


James Monroe 


Virginia 


6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 


John Quincy Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren 

William Henry Harrison. .. 
John Tyler 


Massachusetts..'. 

Tennessee 

New York .... 


Ohio 


Virginia 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

New Hampshire 


Zachary Taylor 


1850 : 


Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Rutherford B. Hayes 

James A. Garfield 

Chester A. Arthur 


1874 
1869 
1868 
1865 
1875 

i88i 

.... 


Illinois 


Tennessee 


Illinois 

Ohio 


Ohio 


New York 



Questions on the above Tables. — What was the first state admitted after the 
formation of the Constitution ? What other states were admitted during Wash- 
ington's administration ? When was Ohio admitted ? What two states were ad- 
mitted during Madison's administration ? What five, during Monroe's ? What 
state became a member of the Union in 1836 ? In 1837 ? When did Texas become 
oue of the United States ? What other state was admitted the same year ? Give 
the dates of the admission of Iowa, Wisconsin, and California. Name in order 
the states that have been admitted since California. Name the presidents of the 
United States in order. Which of these were elected for two terms ? What state 
has furnished the most presidents to the U^nion ? What states have furnished the 
next greatest number ? Which of the presidents died in office, and therefore did not 
serve their full term? Which were vice-presidents, and obtained the office by the 
death of their predecessor * Which of the presidents are still living ? 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD, 

EMBRACING THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 
RANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR OCCURRENCE. 



A. D. 

1492. Oct. 12, Columbus discovers America (St. Salvador). 

1497. June 24, mainland of America (Newfoundland) discovered by John and 

Sebastian Cabot, under a commission from Henry VII. , of England. 

1498. Columbus discovers the mainland of South America. 

1499. Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. 

1501. Coast of N. America explored by Cortereal, a Portuguese. 
1507. The New World lirst called America, after Amerigo Vespucci. 

1512. March 27, Florida discovered by Ponce de Leon. 

1513. Sept. 26, Pacific Ocean discovered by Balboa. 
1517. Mexico discovered by Francisco Fernandez. 

1519. April, Cortez lands where Vera Cruz now stands. 

1520. Magellan enters the Pacific, by the Strait of Magellan. 

1521. August 13, Cortez takes the city of Mexico. 

1524. Verazzani, a Florentine in the sei-vice of France, explores the coast from 

North Carolina to Nova Scotia. 
1534. Cartier discovers the Eiver St. Lawrence, 
1539. De Soto commences his invasion at Tampa Bay. 

1541. The Mississippi River discovered by Da Soto. 

1542. May 21, De Soto dies ; is buried in the Mississippi. 
1562. Huguenots attempt a settlement at Port Eoyal. 

1564. Settlement of Huguenots on the St. John's. Fla. 

1565. Spaniards found St. Augustine. 

1576. Frobisher, an Englishman, seeks a northwest passage. 
1579. First voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert ; second, in 1583. 

Sir Francis Drake explores the coast of New Albion (Oregon). 

1584. First expedition sent out by Sir Walter Ealeigh reaches Roanoke Island : 

country called Virginia. 

1585. Raleigh's second expedition sent out under Grenville. 
1587. Raleigh sends out a colony under White. 

1589. Raleigh assigns his rights to the London Company. 



220 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 

1602. May 14, Gosnold discovers Cape Cod. 

1606. Patent issued to London and Plymouth Companies. 

1607. Plymouth Co. attempt to plant a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec. 
First permanent English settlement made, at Jamestown, by London 

Co. 

1608. Quebec founded by French under (^hamplaiu. 
Capt. John Smith explores Chesapeake Bay. 

1609. Lord Delaware appointed governor of Virginia. 
Hendrik Hudson discovers the Hudson Eivcr. 

1611. Cattle and hogs brought to Virginia from Europe. 

1614. Dutch build a fort on Manhattan Island. 

Capt. Smith explores the coast of New England. 

1615. Dutch settle at Fort Orange (Albany). 

1618. Dutch settle in New Jersey, near the Hudson. 

1019. The "House of Burgesses," the first representative body in America, 
convenes at Jamestown, Virginia. 

1620. Dec. 21, Pilgrims land at Plymouth. 

1621. March, Pilgrims make a treaty with Massasoit. 
Cotton first cultivated at Jamestown. 

1622. Indian massacre in Virginia; 347 colonists killed. Grant made to 

Gorges and Mason of land from the St. Lawrence to the Merrimac. 
1624. James I. dissolves the London Company. 
1626. Swedish company chartered for colonizing America. 
1628. Massachusetts Bay Colony founded. John Endicott settles at Salem. 

Charlestown founded. 
1630. Boston, Dorchester, Eoxbury, and Cambridge, founded. 

1632. Trading-posts established in INIaryland. 

1633. Connecticut settled. Dutch build a fort at Hartford ; Plymouth settlers 

establish a trading-post at Windsor, 

1634. Leonard Calvert colonizes Maryland. 

1635. Emigration from Massachusetts to Connecticut. 

1636. Ehode Island first settled, at Providence, by Eoger Williams. 

1637. The Pequod War. 

1638. Delaware colonized by Swedes and Finns. Anne Hutchinson's followers 

settle on Ehode Island. Colony of New Haven founded. 
1641. New Hampshire united with Massachusetts. 

1643. Indian War in New Netherland. 

Confederacy formed, under the name of " the United Colonies of New 
England." Swedes from Delaware settle in Pennsylvania. 

1644. Indian War in Virginia. 

1653. North Carolina first colonized, by Virginians. 
1655. Dutch conquer the Swedes of Delaware. 

1663. Carolina granted to Clarendon and others. 

1664. Charles II, grants the whole country from the Connecticut to the Dela- 

ware to his brother, the Duke of York, New Amsterdam is taken, 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 221 

and its name changed to New York. All the Dutch possessions pass 
into the hands of the English. New Jersey granted to Berkeley and 
Carteret. 

1665. Alloucz explores Lake Superior. 

1670. Locke's Grand Model signed. South Carolina colonized. 

1675. King Philip's War. Indian war in Virginia. 

1676. King Philip killed; his tribe destroyed. 
Bacon's Eebellion. Jamestown burned. 

1679. New Hampshire made a royal province. 

1680. Founding of Charleston. 

1682. Pennsylvania settled. Philadelphia founded in 1683. 

1685. Andros made governor of all New England. 

1687. Andros tries to take away the charter of Connecticut. 

1689. King Wilham's War; lasts till 1697. 

1690. Schenectady burned by French and Indians. 
1692. Witch delusion in Salem, now Danvers. 
1696. Eice first raised in Carolina. 

1701. Detroit founded by the Frencli. 

1702. Queen Anne's War; lasts till 1713. 

Mobile founded by French under D'Ibervillc. 
1704. Deerfteld, Mass., destroyed by French and Indians. 
1718. New Orleans founded by the French. 
1721. Vermont first settled, by emigrants from Massachusetts. 

1729. N. and S. Carolina made separate governments. Massacre of French at 

Fort Eosalie (Natchez U Baltimore founded. 

1730. The Natchez Indians exterminated by the French. 

1732. George Washington born, Pope's Creek, Va. 

1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe, at Savannah. 

1744, King George's War; lasts till 1748. 

1745. Colonists under Sir Wm. Pepperell take Louisburg. 

1753. Washington's mission to the French forts. 

1754. Fort Du Quesne begun by the English ; taken and finished by the French. 

French and Indian War begins. 

1755. Braddock's defeat. 

1757. Montcalm takes Fort William Henry ; massacre. 

1758. Montcalm repulses Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. 
English take Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne. 

1759. English take Quebec. Wolic and Montcalm fall. 

1760. All Canada surrenders to the English. 

1763. Peace of Paris ends the French and Indian War. 
1765. Stamp Act passed; repealed, March, 1766. 

1767. Duty laid on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors. 

1768. Sept. 27, British troops arrive at Boston. 

1770. Boston Massacre. Duties removed, except on tea. 
1773. Tea thrown overboard at Boston. 



222 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 

1774. Sept. 5, Continental Congress meet at Philadelphia. 

1775. Eevolutionary War commences, April 19, witli battle of Lexington. 

May 10, Ethan Allen takes Ticonderoga. May 12, Warner takes 
Crown Point. May 21, Independence declared in N. C. June 
15, Washington elected commander-in-chief. June 17, Battle of 
Bunker Hiil. Dec. 31, unsuccessful attack on Quebec ; Montgomery 
slain. 

1776. March 17, British evacuate Boston ; June 28, are repulsed at Charleston. 

July 4, Declaration of Independence. Aug. 27, Battle of Long Island. 
Sept. 15, British land on New York Island. Oct. 28, Battle of White 
Plains. Nov. 16, British take Fort Washington. Dec. 26, Battle of 
Trenton. 

1777. Jan. 3, Battle of Princeton. La Fayette arrives in America. July 6, 

Burgoyne takes Ticonderoga. Aug. 3, St. Lcger besieges Fort Stan- 
wix. Aug. 6, Battle of Oriskany. Aug. 16, Battle of Bennington. 
Sept. 11, Battle of Brandywine. Sept. 19, First battle of Stillwater. 
Sept. 26, Howe enters Philadelphia. Oct. 4, Battle of Germantown. 
Oct. 7, Second battle of Stillwater. Oct. 17, Burgoync's surrender. 
Dec. 11, Washington goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge. 

1778. Feb. 6, Treaty with France signed. June 18, Philadelphia evacuated 

by the British. June 28, Battle of Monmouth. July 3, Massacre of 
Wyoming. July 11, French fleet arrives off Sandy Hook. Aug., 
Unsuccessful invasion of Ehode Island. Nov. 12, Massacre of Chcny 
Valley. Dec. 29, British take Savannah. 

1779. British take Stony and Verplanck's Point. July, Tryon ravages Conn. 

July 15, Wayne recaptures Stony Point. Sept., Sullivan ravages the 
Indian country. Sept. 23, Paul Jones takes the Serapis. Oct., Ameri- 
cans repulsed at Savannah. 

1780. May 12, Gen. Lincoln surrenders Charleston. July 10, French fleet 

arrives off" Newport. Aug. 6, Battle of Hanging Rock. Aug. 16, 
Gates defeated near Camden. Sept. 23, Andre captured; discovery 
of Aniold's treason. Oct. 7, Battle of King's Mountain. Exploits of 
Marion. 

1781. Jan., Arnold ravages Va. Jan. 17, Battle of Cowpens. Jan., Feb., 

Morgan and Greene's retreat. ^larch 15, Battle of Guilford Court- 
House. April 25, Battle of Hobkirk's Hill. British posts in Carolina 
captured. Sept. 6, British take Forts Trumbull and GrisAVold, Conn. 
Sept. 8, Battle of Eutaw Springs. Oct., French and Americans besiege 
Cornwallis at Yorktown. Oct. 19, SuiTcnder of Cornwallis. 
1783. Sept. 3, Treaty of Peace signed between Great Britain and \]. S. Nov. 
3, Americans disband their army. Nov. 25, New York evacuated by 
the British. Dec. 23, Washington resigns his commission. 

1787. Shay's Eebellion in Mass. Constitution of the United States framed by 

a convention at Philadelpliia. 

1788. First permanent settlement in Ohio, at Marietta. 



I 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 223 

1789. Government organized under the Federal Constitution. Washington 

elected first president. Cincinnati founded. 

1790. Indian War ; Gen. HaiTner defeated in Indiana. 

1791. St. Clair defeated by the Indians. 

1792. Columbia Eiver explored. 

1794. W hiskey Eebellion in Pa. Gen. Wayne ends the Indian War. 

1796. Washington's Farewell Address. 

1797. John Adams inaugurated, second president. 

1799. Naval engagements with French vessels. 
Dec. 14, Death of Washington. 

1800. Washington city made the capital. Treaty with France. 

1801. Jefferson becomes third president. Tripolitan War. 

1803. Louisiana purchased. United States frigate Philadeli^hia captured by 

the Tripolitans. 

1804. The Philadelphia retaken by Decatur. Tripoli bombarded. 
1807. Bm-r tried for treason, and acquitted. 

U. S. frigate Chesapeake attacked l)y the Leopard. 
1809. Madison inaugurated, fourth president. 

1811. Harrison gains the battle of Tippecanoe. 

1812. June 18, War with Great Britain declared. Hull's invasion of Canada, 

retreat, and sun-cnder. Unsuccessful attack on Queenstown. United 
States gain brilliant naval victories. 

1813. Americans defeated at Frenchtown ; take York, Upper Canada ; besieged 

in Fort Meigs ; take Fort George ; repulse the British at Sackett's Har- 
bor ; also, at Fort Stephenson. Sept. 10, Peny's great victory on Lake 
Eric. Oct. 5, Battle of the Thames. British take Forts George and 
Niagara. Jackson's campaign in the Creek country. 

1814. July 5, Battle of Chippewa. July 25, Battle of Lundy's Lane. Ameri- 

cans besieged in Fort Erie. Aug. 24, Battle of Bladensburg ; British 
enter Washington, and burn the public buildings. Sept. 11, Battle of 
Plattsburg. Sept. 13, British repulsed at Baltimore. 

1815. Jan. 8, Battle of New Orieans. Feb. 18, Peace with Great Britain pro- 

claimed. Decatur settles with the Barbary States. 
1817. Monroe inaugurated, fifth president. Seminole War begins. Erie 

Canal commenced. 
1819. Spain cedes Florida to the U. S. 
1821. Missouri Compromise passed. 

1823. Commodore Porter suppresses West Indian pirates. 

1824. La Fayette visits America. 

1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated, sixth president. 

1826. July 4, Death of John Adams and Jefferson. 
1829. Jackson inaugurated, seventh president. 

1832. Eavages of the cholera. Black Hawk's War. Nullification in S. C. 

United States Bank vetoed. 

1833. Jackson removes the deposits from the United States Bank. 



224 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 

1835. Second war with Seminoles. Texan Revolution commences. 
1837. United States recognizes independence of Texas. Van Buren inaugu- 
rated, eighth president. Financial distress. Troubles on the Canada line. 

1841. Harrison, inaugurated as president March 4, dies April 4. Tyler suc- 

ceeds. 

1842. Northeastern boundary settled with England. Dorr's Eebellion in 

Ehode Island. 

1845. Polk inaugurated, eleventh president. 

1846. Mexican War commences. May 8, Battle of Palo Alto. May 9, Battle 

of Eesaca de la Palma. Sept. 24, Capitidation of Monterey. Ameri- 
cans conquer California. Northwestern boundary settled with Great 
Britain. 

1847. Feb. 23, Battle of Bucna Vista. Mar. 27, Scott takes Vera Cruz. April 

18, Battle of Ccrro Gordo. Aug. 20, Contreras, Churubusco. Sept. 8, 
Molino del Key. Sept. 13, Chapultepec. Sept. 14, Americans enter 
Mexico in triumph. 

1848. Discovery of gold in California. July 4, Peace with Mexico proclaimed. 

1849. Taylor inaugurated, twelfth president. 

1850. Descent of Lopez on Cuba. July 9, Death of the president. Fillmore 

succeeds. 

1852. Difficulty with England on the fishery question. 

1853. Pierce inaugurated, fourteenth president. World's Fair. Perry enters 

the Bay of Jcddo. 

1854. The Japanese make a treaty with the U. S. Kansas and Nebraska Bill 

passed. Missouri Compromise repealed. 

1855. Troubles in Kansas. 

1857. Buchanan inaugurated, fifteenth president. Eevulsion in business. 
Mormon Rebellion. 

1859. Expedition to Paraguay. John Brown seizes the TJ. S. arsenal at Har- 

per's FeiTy ; is taken and, v/ith six companions, hanged. 

1860. Arrival of Japanese embassy. Dec. 20, Secession ordinance passed by 

South Carolina. 

1861. January 9, Mississippi secedes ; 10, Florida secedes ; 11, Alabama se- 

cedes ; 19, Georgia secedes ; 26, Louisiana secedes. 

February 1, Texas secedes ; 4, Peace Conference assembles at Washing- 
ton — "Confederacy" formed at Montgomery, Ala.; 8, Davis elected 
provisional president of "the Confederate States." 

March 4, Lincoln inaugurated, sixteenth president. 

April 13, Fall of Sumter; 15, President calls for 75,000 men; 17, Vir- 
ginia secedes ; 18, Confederates seize Harper's Ferry ; 19, Volunteers 
attacked in Baltimore ; 20, Confederates seize Norfolk navy-yard. 

May 3, President calls for 82,748 men ; 6, Arkansas secedes ; 20, North 
Carolina secedes. 

June 3, Union victory at Philippi, Va ; 8, Tennessee secedes ; 10, Union 
repulse at Big Bethel, Va. ; 11, Union victory at Eomney, Va. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 225 

July 5, Battle near Carthage, Mo. ; 11, Union victory at Eicli Mountain, 
Va. ; 14, Union victory at Carrick's Ford, Va. ; 20, Confederate Con- 
gress meets at Kiclimond ; 21, Union defeat at Bull Eun, Va. 

August 10, Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo. ; 29, Forts at Hatteras Inlet, 
N. C, captured. 

September 10, Union victory at Carnifex Ferry, Va. ; 20, Confederates 
take Lexington, Mo. 

October 21, Union defeat at Ball's Bluff, Va. 

November 7, Battle of Belmont, Mo.— Capture of Poit Eoyal, S. C. ; 8, 
Seizure of Mason and Slidell. 

December 20, Union victory at Dranesville, Va. ; 30, N. Y. banks sus- 
pend specie payments. 
1862. January 19, Union victory at Mill Springs, Ky. 

February 6, Capture of Fort Henry, Tenn. ; 8, Capture of Eoanoke 
Island, N. C. ; 16, Capture of Fort Douelson, Tenn. ; 22, Davis in- 
augurated for a term of sLx years. 

March 6-8, Battle of Pea Eidge, Ark. ; 8, Eam Virginia sinks the Cum- 
berland and Congress ; 9, Engagement between the Monitor and Vir- 
ginia ; 14, Capture of Newborn, N. C. ; 23, Union victory at Win- 
chester, Va. 

April 4, McClellan commences his Peninsular campaign ; 6, 7, Battle 
of Shiloli; 7, Capture of Island No. 10, Miss. Eiver; 11, Capture of 
Fort Pulaski, Ga. ; 25, Capture of Beaufort, S. C— Capture of New 
Orleans ; 28, Capture of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La. 

May 4, Yorktow-n, Va., taken; 5, Union victory at Williamsburg, Va. ; 
9, Pensacola taken ; 10, Gen. Wool takes possession of Norfolk. Va. ; 
30, Corinth, Miss., taken; May 31, June 1, Battle of Fair Oaks, or 
Seven Pines. 

June 3, Lee assumes command before Eichmond : 6, Surrender of Mem- 
phis, Tenn. ; 25, Battle of Oak Grove, Va., commencing the seven 
days' struggle ; 26, Battle of Mechanicsville, Va. ; 27, Battle of 
Gaines's Hiil, Va. ; 29, Battle of Savage's Station, Va. ; 30, Battles of 
White Oak Swamp and Charles City Cross Eoads, Va. 

July 1, Battle of Malvern Hill, Va. ; President calls for 300,000 more 
men. 

August 9, President calls for 300,000 additional troops — Union victory 
at Cedar Mountain; Aug. 26-Sept. 1, Pope's battles between Manas- 
sas and Washington ; Aug. 30, Union defeat at Eichmond, Ky. 

September 6, Lee's army invades INIaryland ; 14, Union victory at South 
Mountain, Md. ; 15, Capture of Harper's Ferry by " Stonewall Jack- 
son"; 17, Union victory at Antietam Creek, Md. — Union defeat at 
Munfordsville, Ky. ; 19, Union victory at luka. Miss. 

October 4, Confederates repulsed at Corinth, Miss. ; 8, Union victory 
at Perryville, Ky. 

December 13, Union repulse at Fredericksburg, Va. ; 29, Union repulse 



226 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 

at Vicksburg, Miss. ; 31, Battle at Murfreesboro, Tenn. (Dec. 31-Jan. 
2, 1863). 

1863. Jandary 1, Emancipation Proclamation; 11, Capture of Arkansas Post, 

Ark. 
Apbil 7, Naval attack on Fort Sumter, S. C. ; 17, Grierson's raid in 

Miss. (April 17-May 1). 
Mat 1, Union victory at Port Gibson, Miss. ; 2, 3, Union defeat at Cban- 

cellorsville, Va. ; 3, Confederates capture Col. Streight ; 12, Union ' 

victory at Kaymond, Miss. ; 14, Union victory near Jackson, Miss. ; 

16, Union victory at Champion's Hill. Miss. ; 17, Union victory at 

Big Black Eiver, Miss. 
June 15, Lee's second invasion of Maryland commences; 17, Iron-clad 

Atlanta captured. 
July 1-3, Battle of Gettysburg, Pa. ; 4, Capture of Vicksburg, Miss. ; 

8, Capture of Port Hudson, La. ; 13-16, Great riot in N. Y. city ; 21, 

Morgan defeated m Ohio ; 2G, Capture of Morgan. 
September 7, Capture of Fort Wagner and Battery Gregg, iii Charleston 

harbor ; 8, Union repulse at Sabine Pass, Texas ; 10, Capture of Little 

Eock, Ark. ; 19, 20, Battle of CJiickamauga, Ga. 
November 18, Knoxville, Tenn., invested by Longstreet; 24, Union 

victory at Lookout Mountain ; 25, Union victory at Missionary Eidge. 
December 3, Longstreet raises the siege of Knoxville. 

1864. February 1, President orders a draft for deficiency under the last call, 

and 200,000 additional men ; 20, Union defeat at Olustee, Fla. 

March 3, Grant made Lt.-General ; 13, Fort De Eussy, La., taken ; 14, 
President calls for 200,000 more men ; 26, Confederates repulsed at 
Cane Eivcr, La. 

April 8, Union defeat at Mansfield, or Sabine Cross Eoads, La. ; 9, Bat- 
tle of Pleasant Hill, La. ; 12, Confederates capture Fort Pillow, Tenn. ; 
18, Confederates capture Plymouth, N. C. 

May 3, Meade breaks camp ; 5, Butler lands on the south side of the 
James ; 5-7, Battle of the Wilderness, Va. ; 7, Sherman moves from 
Chattanooga; 7-12, Battles near Spottsylvan'a Court-House, Va. ; 15, 
Battle of Eesaca, Ga. ; Union defeat at New Market, Va. ; 28, Battle 
near Dallas, Ga. 

June 14. 15, Grant crosses to the south side of the James ; 15-17, Battle of 
Lost Mountain, Ga. ; 19, Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge ; 22, Union 
victory at Kenesaw Mn., Ga. ; 27, Union repulse at Kenesaw Mn. 

July 5, Early invades Maryland ; Union defeat at Monocacy, Md. ; 18, 
President calls for 500,000 volunteers ; 20, 22, 28, Battles before At- 
lanta, Ga. ; 30, Chambersburg burned— Mine exploded at Petersburg, 
and Union assault repulsed. 

August 5, Union victory in Mobile Bay; 8, Fort Gaines, Ala., taken; 
18, Weldon Eailroad seized; 23, Fort Morgan taken; Aug. 31, Sept. 
1, Union victory at Jonesboro, Ga. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 227 

September 2, Capture of Atlanta, Ga. ; 19, Union victor}- at Winches- 
ter, Va. ; 22, Union victory at Fisher's Hill, Va. ; 29, Attack at Cha- 
pin's Bluff, Va. 

October 19, Union victory- at Cedar Creek (Middle town;, Ta. — Kaid on 
St. Albans, Vt. ; 27, Engagement at Hatchers Eun — Ram Albemarle 
sunk ; 31, Union troops recapture Plymouth, X. C. 

November 25, Attempt to tire X. Y. city; 30, Battle of Franklin, 
Tenn. 

December 13, Capture of Fort McAllister, G^. ; 15, 16, Union victor}- at 
Nashville, Tenn. ; 20, President calls for 300,000 men ; 21, Capture 
of Savannah, Ga. ; 24, First bombardment of Fort Fisher, X. C. 

1865. J.v>-UARY 15, Capture of Fort Fisher, X'. C. 

February 17, Capture of Columbia, S. C. ; IS, Capture of Charleston, 
S. C. ; 22, Capture of Wilmington, X'. C. 

March 16, Battle of Moore's Cross Eoads, N. C. ; 19, 20, Battle of Ben- 
tonsville, N. C. ; 21, Goldsborough, X. C, occupied; 25, Attack on 
Fort Steadman, Va. 

April 1, Union victory at Big Five Forks, Va. ; 2, Lee's lines at Peters- 
burg carried ; 3, Capture of Petersburg and Eichmond ; 6. Union vic- 
tory at Deatonville, Va. ; 9, Lee's surrender ; 13, Capture of Mobile, 
Ala., and Ealeigh, N. C. ; 14, Assassination of Pres. Lincoln ; 15, An- 
drew Johnson takes the oath of office as president : 26, Johnston's 
surrender. 

Mat 4, Dick Taylor's suiTcnder ; 10. Capture of Jefferson Davis : 26, 
Kirby Smith's surrender— Exd of the War; 29, Proclamation of 
amnesty. 

December, Slavery abolished in the United States. 

1866. Civil Eights Bill passed. Fenian invasion of Canada. Tennessee re- 

stored to her relations in the Union. 

1867. Eussian America purchased by the U. S. 

1863. Impeachment, trial, and acquittal of President Johnson. Arkansas, 
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Xorth and South Carolina, re- 
stored to their relations in the Union. 

1869. Grant inaugurated, eighteenth president. Pacific Eailroad completed. 

1870. Virginia, Mississippi, and Texa- restored to the Union. Fifteenth 

Amendment proclaimed as part of the Constitution. 

1871. Treaty of Washington. Great Chicago fire. 

1872. "Alabama claims" settled by the Geneva tribunal; $15,500,000, in 

gold, awarded to the U. S. Xorthwcst boundary question decided 
by the Emperor of Germany. Great Boston fire. 

1873. " Credit Mobilier" revelations. Political troubles in Louisiana. Modoc 

War. Financial panic. Difficulty with Spain. 

1874. Louisiana troubles continued. 

1875. January 1, 1879, fixed by Congress as the date for resuming specie pay- 

ments. Death of Vice-president Wilson. 



228 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 

1876. The Centennial Year. Great Exhibition at Philadelphia. Sioux War. 

President proclaims that Colorado is admitted into the Union. 

1877. Hayes inau.i^urated, nineteenth president. Troubles in Louisiana and 

South Carolina settled. Great railroad strike. 

1878. Standard silver dollars coined and made a legal tender. 

1879. Specie payments resumed. Ute outbreak in Colorado. 

1880. New treaty with China. 

1881. Garfield inaugurated, twentieth president. Gai-field assassinated. Ar- 

thur inaugurated, twenty-first president. 

1882. Passage of Anti-Polygamy Bill, and bill limiting Chinese immigration. 

1883. The Civil Service Eefonn Bill becomes a law. 

1884. Passage of the Presidential Succession Bill. 



QUESTIONS. 



liCSSOn I, p. 5.— 1. What is the shape of the Earth ? What docs it con- 
tain ? What ai-e the two continents called ? How are they separated ? Point 
to them on the Map. 2. Where does the United States lie ? AVhat countries 
form the Eastern Continent ? How can a person ao from one continent to the 
other? 3. In old times, what did people think of a voyage across the ocean? 
4. What did people think about the shape of the Earth, four hundred years 
ago ? What did they think would happen to those who kept sailing west ? 
What was the farthest land known toward the west ? 5. What are found in 
this country now, that were not here four hundred years ago ? 6. Describe 
this country, as it then looked. 7. What has so changed the appearance ot 
our country? What have European settlers done ? 8. To whom is the world 
indebted for the discovery of America ? 

Lesson H, p. 7.— 1. Where was Columbus born ? What is said of his 
parents ? What did he do at an early age ? AVhat accident befell him ? 2. After 
makingmauy voyages, of what did Columbus become convinced i What did he 
suppose with respect to Asia ? 3. What confinued Columbus in his belief that 
the Earth was round ? What was he anxious to do ? 4. Why did not Columbus 
set out at once on his voyage ? To whom did he first apply for ships ? Where 
did he then go ? What did the King of Portugal do ? 5. Where did Colmnbus 
next go? By whom was Spain then ruled ? What was tlie condition of Columbus 
at this time ? In what did he find the King and Queeii engaged ? What was 
the consequence? 6. At last, with whom did he obtain an interview ? What 
was the result ? 7. What was the opinion of the wise men of Spain? Men- 
tion some of their arguments. 8. What conclusion did the King come to ? 
What chance yet remained ? What answer did Queen Isabella first make ? 
9. What happened just as Columbus was about leaving Spain? How many 
vessels did the Queen promise him? 

liCSSOn III, p. 10. — 1. How did a ship of Columbus's time difi'er from 
one of the present day ? 2. With how many ships did Columbus set out ? 
What was thought of the voyage ? How many men were obtained ? From 
what port, and Avhen, did Columbus sail ? How old was he ? 3. Where did 
Columbus stop for repairs ? When his men had been some days out, how 
did they begin to feel ? What did they even talk of doing ? 4. What promise 
did Columbus have to make ? What signs of land soon appeared ? When 



230 QUESTIONS. 

was land discovered \ How did the sailors now feel ? 5. Describe the land as it 
appeared at daylight. What were seen on the shore? What did the natives 
take the ships to be ? 6. Give an account of the landing of Columbus? 7. 
What was the land thus discovered l What name did Columbus give it ? 
What did he call the natives, and wliy ? What are the islands of this region 
still called? 8. What islands were next discovered by Columbus? What 
occurred at Haiti? What did Columbus take with him on his return? 9. 
What took place on the return voyage? What precautions did Columbus 
take ? What was the result of the storm? How were Columbus and his com- 
panions received ? 10. What was the date of the discovery of America ? 

liesson IV, p. 13. — 1. What was the effect of the news of Columbus's 
discovery ? 2, How many more voyages did Columbus make ? In which did 
he reach the mainland \ When ? At what point ? 3. What difficulties did 
Columbus now meet with ? What did the King and Queen of Spain do to 
him ? What effect did their treatment have on him ? 4. What happened to 
Columbus on his fourth voyage ? How did the Indians now feel toward the 
Spaniards? Why was this? 5. How did Columbus save himself and his 
men? 6. What did Columbus find on his return to Spain ? What became of 
him? 7. After whom was America so called? How did Amerigo obtain this 
honor? 8. Who first reached North America ? When was this? What part 
of the coast did John Cabot reach? 9. What birds did he introduce into 
Europe? Give an account of the voyages of his son Sebastian. 

Lesson V, p. 16. — 1. By whom was the Pacific Ocean discovered? 
With how many men did Balboa start? What difficulties were encountered? 
2. When near the top, what did Balboa do ? What did he see ? What was 
his first act ? What did he afterward do ? 3. What does the word pacific 
mean ? Why was the ocean so called ? Who gave it this name ? How did 
Magellan enter the Pacific? 4. W^hat became of Magellan? What was done 
by one of his ships ? 5. What conquest next followed ? AYlien ? Give an 
account of the Mexicans and their Emperor. What did they worship? De- 
scribe the figures represented in the engraving. 6. What did the Spaniards 
resolve to do ? What preparations did they make for conquering Mexico ? 
7. What did the Mexican E?nperor do, when he heard the Spaniards had 
landed? What was done by Cortez? 8. What took place before the Span- 
iards reached the capital? What was the result of these battles? What 
frightened the natives ? 9. After much hard fighting, what did Cortez suc- 
ceed in doing ? How did he treat lais captives ? How long did Mexico remain 
a Spanish province ? 

liesson VI, p. 19.— 1. In 1524, who explored the coast of America? 
What name did he give the region he visited ? Give an account of Cartier's 
discoveries. How did he treat the Indians ? 2. Where did some Frenchmen 
attempt to settle ? What made them return ? AVhere were other settlements 
attempted by the French ? 3. Meanwhile, what were the Spaniards doing? 
Who led a famous expedition ? Where did De Soto land ? How many men 
had he ? What did he take with him ? 4. Where did De Soto wander for many 



QUESTIONS. 231 

raouth.:^ ? How did he treat the Indians ? 5. What was the consequence of 
the Spaniards' cruelty ? What was the result of the battle ? How did a Mis- 
sissippi tribe revenge themselves? 6. What great discovery was made by De 
Soto ? Where did De Soto next go, and why ? How did the Indian tribes try 
to get rid of him ? 7. In what condition did De Soto now find his men ? What 
befell De Soto himself? What was done with his corpse? 8. What did De 
Soto's men do alter his deatli ? How many reached their countrymen I How 
long had they been gone ? 

Ijesson VII, p. 22.-1. Describe the Indian chief represented in the 
engraving. 2. What is said of the different tribes ? Why have the Indians 
been called Red Men ? What kind of hair had they ? How were they clothed 
in the north i How in the south ? 3. In what did the Indian spend most of 
his time ? How did he obtain his food ? What did he raise ? What did the 
Indian squaw have to do ? 4. How did the Indian sleep, when out hunting ? 
At home, what did he occupy ? How was the wigwam made ? Describe the 
scene represented in the engraving. 5. How did the Indians treat strangers I 
What were they sure to remember? 6. In wliat were the Indians constantly 
engaged ? When on a war-trail, on what did they depend for food ? 7. What 
was their object in war? How did they move ? How did they conceal their 
trail ? 8. What was done to an enemy killed in battle ? How were prisoners 
treated ? 9. What common mode of dealing with prisoners is mentioned ? 
What Ls meant by " running the gantlet " ? lu. How would they sometimes 
torture a captive? How would tlic captive bear these tortures? 11. What 
were buried with an Indian wamor? Why was this done? Describe the 
different modes of burying. W^hat would a mother sometimes do with the 
corpse of her child? 12. What did the Indians believe respecting the state 
after death ? To whom did they pray ? 13. What can you say of the Indian 
languages ? How were facts recorded ? Describe the representation of pict- 
ure-writing. 

Lesson "VTII, p. 26.— 1. "For how many years was no permanent set- 
tlement made in what is now the United States ? Who planted the first per- 
manent colony? When, and where? 2. What settlement was made forty 
years afterward ? Where was a colony planted by Champlain ? What re- 
ceived its name from Champlain ? What part of the continent did the French 
hold ? The Spaniards ? 3. Who claimed the tract between the French and the 
Spanish possessions ? Who undertook to colonize it? Give an account of the 
first expedition sent out by Ealeigh. What name was given to the region, and 
why? 4. Where did the second party sent out by Ealeigh settle? What 
acts of imprudence were committed by their governors ? What was the con- 
sequence? 5. What did Ealeigh next do? What city was laid out? What 
became of this colony? 6. What became of Ealeigh? How is he regarded? 
What city has been named in his honor ? 7. What useful article did Ealeigh 
introduce into Europe ? What else ? What anecdote is related of his servant ? 
8. When and by whom was the first permanent English settlement made ? 
Where did this party mean to land ? Where did they land ? What city did 



232 QUESTIONS. 

they lay out? To whom did this region belong? How did some of the In- 
dians feci toward the English? What did Powhatan say? 9. What hap- 
pened soon after Newport's return to England? What saved the colony? 
10. What kind of a man was Captain Smith i What measm'cs did he take ? 

liCSSon IX, p. 31* — 1. Eelate some of Captain Smith's early advent- 
ures? 2. What took place on one of his voyages ? What do we next find him 
doing ? 3. How was Smith treated during his captivity ? Give an account of 
his escape. 4. What befell Smith, Avhile out on one of his exploring expedi- 
tions ? How did he save himself from immediate death ? 5. How did Captain 
Smith increase the wonder of the savages ? What did they do with him ? G. 
What took place Avhen they reached Powhatan' s village ? How was Smith 
saved? 7. After sparing his life, how did the Indians treat Captain Smith? 
What services did Pocahontas render the English ? 8. In what condition did 
Smith find affairs at Jamestown ? Who soon after arrived? Wtat mistake 
did some of the new comers fall into ? 

liesson X, p. 33.— 1. What did Captain Smith do in 1608 ? What took 
place shortly after his return ? 2. Who was soon afterward appointed gov- 
ernor ? How many vessels were sent out ? What happened to one of these ? 
Who managed affairs till the leaders of the party arrived ? What difliiculties 
did he labor under ? 3. What other danger was there ? How did Smith 
manage to get some corn from Powliatan ? 4. What obliged Captain Smith to 
return to England ? What was the consequence of his return ? What was 
this period called ? 5. What saved the colony ? What was the state of affairs 
under Delaware ? What passed for money? G. In 1619, what was done by 
the London Company, to make the colonists attached to their new country ? 
What was the price of a wife ? 7. What became of Pocahontas ? 8. Where 
did Eolfe take his wife ? How was she received ? What effect had the climate of 
England on her ? 9. What anecdote is related of one of Powhatan's warriors ? 

liesson XI, p. 37. — 1. Where and by whom Avas the next settlement 
made ? Why did the Dutch want to find " a northwest passage " ? Whom 
did they send out ? 2. What was called after the navigator Hudson ? Give 
an account of Hudson's voyage. 3. What is the name of the island on which 
the city of New York stands ? What does this word mean ? What did the 
Indians think when they saw Hudson's ship approaching? 4, 5, 6. Tell the 
story about Hudson's meeting with the Indians. 7. What did Hudson give 
the Indians ? What use did they make of these gifts ? 8. How high did Hud- 
son's ship ascend the river? How far did one of his boats go? What did 
Hudson then do? What discovery did he afterward make? What was the 
fate of Hudson? 9. How did the Dutch follow up Hudson's discovery? In 
what did they trade ? How did they protect the traders ? What was the 
origin of the great city of New York ? What was it first called ? What was 
the whole region called ? 10. What kind of a people were the Dutch? How 
much did they give for Manhattan Island ? Where did they establish posts ? 
Where did their traders spread out ? When did families come over to New 
Netherland? 



QUESTIONS. 233 

Lesson Xn, p. 39.— 1. Who gave New England its name ? When and 
by whom was 2\c\v England first permanently settled ? To what religious sect 
did the Pilgrim Fathers belong ? 2. Why did the Puritans come to America ? 
How many came at first? On what vessel? Where did they mean to settle ? 
What part of the coast did they reach? 3. What was found by the exploring 
parties sent out? What was the consequence of their exposure ? A\^hat did 
the Puritans finally do? 4. Eelate the adventures of this exploring party. 
What did they at last find? 5. When did the Pilgrims land? What did they 
call the place they founded? Where is Plymouth situated? What do you 
see in the engraving ? 6. What befell the Pilgrims after their landing ? 7, 8, 
9. Of what were the houses of the Puritans built ? With what did they cover 
them ? Tell the story about Brown and Goodman. 

liesson XlUy p. 43. — 1. What kind of a winter did the Pilgrims pass? 
What was the state of things in April ? 2. What signs did the country around 
Plymouth show ? What was seen several times in the winter? Give an ac- 
count of Samoset's visit. 3. What did Samoset toll the white men ? 4. What 
story is related about this pestilence ? 5. How did the Pilgrims treat Samo- 
set? Who soon after visited them? What did they present to Massasoit? 
What did they give his brother ? What was the consequence ? 6. What ser- 
vice did two of the Pilgrims afterward render to Massasoit ? 7. What warlike 
message did the Pilgrims receive ? How did they answer it ? What was the 
result ? What precaution did the Pilgi-ims take ? 8. From what did the Pil- 
grims suffer at first ? When their friends joined them, what did they have to 
offer them ? 9. In three or four years, what was the state of the colony ? How 
many inhabitants did it contain in 1630? 

Ijesson XrV, p. 45.— 1. When and by whom vras Ma-^sachusetts Bay 
colony established? What places were founded? What has Boston since 
become? 2. Who was the founder of Rhode Island? Where was Eoger Wil- 
liams settled? Why did the people of Massachusetts Bay want to send him 
back to England? 3. How did Eoger Williams escape being sent back to Eng- 
land? What did he resolve to do? Give an account of his wanderings. 
Where and how did he obtain some land ? What did he call his settlement ? 
4. What other settlement was soon after made ? What was found on the Isle 
of Ehodes? What city was founded near this tower? 5. When was New 
Hampshire first settled? With what colony were these settlements first 
united? After forty years, what was done with them? 6. What docs the 
word Connecticut mean? By whom was the Connecticut Eiver discovered? 
Where did the Dutch built a fort ? Who heard of this pleasant river ? What 
were the Dutch surprised to see one day ? What did they do ? 7. To whom 
did the vessel belong? Where was it from? What did Holmes do? Where 
did he settle ? 8. Where and by whom was Saybrook founded ? 

Lesson XV, p. 48.— 1. When and by whom was Connecticut first per- 
manently settled ? Two years afterward, who went there ? What befell this 
party from Massachusetts Bay ? 2. What took place the next summer? On 
what did the emigrants live ? How long did it take them to make the journey ? 



234 QUESTIONS. 

What places did they found ? 3. By \^•hom was the greater part of Connecti- 
cut inhabited ? Where did the Fequods live? What excited their jealousy ? 
What was the consequence ? 4. How was the mui-der of Oldham discovered? 
5. How did the people of New England punish the murderers ? What was 
the consequence ? 6. Whom did the Pequods try to rouse against the English 
settlers ? How did the Engli.sh prevent them from succeeding ? 7. What 
measures were next taken by the settlers i Give an account of the battle with 
the Pequods. What took place the next morning? What became of the few 
that survived ? 8. When was New Haven founded ? By whom ? AVhat did 
the settlers of New Haven adopt as their rule of public action ? 9. In 1643, 
how many villages did the New England colonies contain ? What alliance 
was formed in this year ? How long did this league last ? 

liCSSOn XVI, p. 5 1 • — 1 . W liat was the next colony founded ? To whom 
was the region now called Maryland granted? What did Calvert desire? 
What did his charter provide ? Why was this tract called Maryland? 2. By 
whom was a colony planted in Maryland ? When ? Where was the settle- 
ment of St. Mary's? (See map, p. 50.) What did they give the Indians? 
What did the Indian women teach them ? 3. What is said of the settlers of 
Maryland? By whom was their only trouble caused? What is the largest 
city in Maryland? After whom was it named? 4. When was Delaware 
founded ? By whom ? Who are the Swedes ? The Finns ? Where did they 
land ? How did they obtain a tract ? What did they call it ? What did they 
erect ? 5. Who disputed the right of the Swedes to this region ? On what 
ground? What was the result? To what was the name of New Sweden 
changed ? 6. From what did the Dutch of New Nethcrland suffer for a time ? 
Under whom was New Sweden conquered? 7. AVhile Stuyvesant was gov- 
ernor, what grant was made by the King of England ? What was the conse- 
quence? When the Enolish fleet arrived, what did Stuyvesant do? 8. How 
did the people of New Amsterdam feel on the subject ? W^hy was this ? 
What followed ? 9. When did the English make this conquest? What now 
belonged to them? To what did they change the names of New Amsterdam 
and New Netherland? 10. What was the origin of New Jersey? What 
caused it to become rapidly peopled ? 

Lesson XVH, p. 55.— 1. What war broke out in 1675 ? Who was Philip ? 
Of what tribe was he chief? Where did the Wampanoags live ? Where did 
the Narragansetts live? 2. What was the cause of King Philip's war? 3. 
How was the war commenced by the savages ? 4. Give an account of Captain 
Church's encounter with the Indians. 5. In a few months, how many men 
did King Philip raise ? Where did he get them ? What did he do when cold 
weather set in ? What measures were now taken by the English ? What was 
the only way of reaching Philip's fort? G. Describe the swamp fight. How 
did it result ? Who got away in safety ? What was the lot of those who es- 
caped ? 7. What became of Canonchet ? How did he answer a young soldier 
who asked hiai some questions? 8. Meanwhile, what was Philip engaged in 
doing? From what did his men suffer? What became of many of them? 



QUESTIONS. 235 

What broke Philip's heart ? What now alone was left him ? 9. Where did 
Philip at last take refuge I By whom was he surrounded ? Give an account 
of Philip's death. 10. What did King Philip's war cost New England i 
What were its consequences to the Indians i After this, what was the state 
of things m New England ? 

Liesson Xvill, p. 58.— 1. By whom was Powhatan succeeded in Vir- 
ginia? What made Powhatan's brother an enemy to the Engli:<h? On what 
did the Indians resolve? Give an account of their plot. 2. How was James- 
town saved ? What took place in the other settlements in Virginia ? What 
followed? 3. What took place in 1644? What became of the crafty old chief? 

4. Who was governor of Virginia at this time ? How did the people feel to- 
ward Berkeley ? Why was he unwilling to provoke a war with the natives ? 

5. What took place about thirty years after the fall of Powhatan's brother? 
Who rose up in defence of the colony ? What led him to do so? 6. How 
did Berkeley i-egard this proceeding of Bacon's ? What did he do ? How was 
a great part of the year 1676 spent? How did the struggle result? What 
does the engraving represent? 7. What became of Bacon ? What was done 
to those who had taken part in Bacon's rebellion? Where did Berkeley 
finally go ? How was he treated ? 8. What kind of governors did the Vir- 
ginians have for some years? What struggle was carried on? 9. Was 
Jamestown ever rebuilt ? How was the colony divided ? Describe the state 
of things in Virginia two hundred years ago. 10. Describe the engraving. 

liesson XIX, p. 62.— 1. When and by whom was North Carolina first 
settled ? Ten years afterward, what grant was made ? What kind of a plan 
was drawn up for the government of Carolina ? How did the settlers like 
this? 2. When and by whom was South Carolina first settled? When Avas 
Charleston founded ? How is Charleston situated ? (See map, p. 73.) From 
what countries were emigrants attracted ? How^ did the plan drawn up for 
the government of Carolina succeed here ? 3. What difficulties arose with the 
governors ? How did they result? 4. What arc among the chief products of 
South Carolina ? Where did rice come from ? What is said of the raising of 
cotton? 5. Give the early histoiy of the first settlements in what is now 
Pennsylvania. To whom was this region finally transferred I Whence did it 
receive its name ? 6. What was William Penn ? Describe the Quakers. 7. 
How were the Quakers treated in England ? How had William Penn been 
treated? How was it that he obtained a grant in the new world? 8. When 
did. Penn and his Quakers reach America? Wliat did he do the next year? 
How is Philadelphia situated? (See map, p. 108.) Give an account of Pcnn's 
treaty with the Indians. 9. How long was Pennsylvania free from troubles 
with the natives ? What is said of the growth of Philadelphia ? What became 
of Penn ? 

liesson XX, p. 64. — 1. Describe the Puritans and their houses. 2. 
Why had the Puritans fled from England ? How did they act when they had 
the power in the new world? Whom did they drive out? How did they 
treat Quakers ? 3. What spirit did the Puritans display toward the Indians ? 



236 QUESTIONS. 



^ 



What was done by Eliot? What success did Eliot meet with? 4. What 
other people sent missionaries among the Indians ? What river was explored 
by the French? What city was founded by them in 1608? Where were 
various French settlements made? Who came out with the traders? 5. 
Where were several little forts built by the French? What reward did the 
missionaries often meet with ? How did they show their devotion ? 6. Tell 
the story of Father Jogues. 7. By whom was the upper part of the Missis- 
sippi discovered ? Give an account of their wanderings. What afterward 
happened to Marquette? 8. Who was the greatest ot these French explorers? 
Give an account of La Salle's wanderings ? What discovery was made by 
part of his company ? What did La Salle do in 1682 ? 9. What did La Salle 
next do? What accident befell him I Where did he finally try to make his 
way ? 10. What was the fate of La Salle ? What became of his party ? What 
claim did the French King base on La Salle's discoveries? 

Lesson XXI, p. 68.— 1. What cause was there for jealousy between 
the French and English ? In 1689, what took place ? What was this war 
called, and why? 2. What was the first step taken by the French? What 
stratagem was practised by the Indians in Dover, New Hampshire? 3. How 
did the Indians treat Major Waldron ? W hat did they do to the neighboring 
houses? 4. Give an account of the attack on Schenectady. 5. What expedi- 
tions were sent out by the English ? What was their success ? Which side 
had the better throughout King William's War? 6. Give an account of the 
capture of Mrs. Dustin. 7. Wliat was done with Mrs. Dustin ? How did she 
escape ? What commemorates her bravery ? 

Ijesson XXII, p. 70.— l . What war broke out in 1702 ? Where did 
hostilities begin in tlie new world ? What was done by the governor of South 
Carolina? AVhat expedition did he afterward undertake? 2. What attack 
was made in return by the French and Spaniards ? What success did they meet 
with? From what did the planters of Carolina suffer? 3. In 1704, what 
place was attacked? How did the French and Indians get inside of the pali- 
sades? 4. How did the attack on Deerfield terminate? Who wei-e taken 
prisoners ? What became of Mrs. Williams ? What became of Mr. Williamo 
and most of his family ? 5. Tell the story of Mr. Williams's little daughter. 
6. What settlement was made by the French in the southwest? When was 
New Orleans laid out? How is New Orleans situated? (See map.) What 
rank does this city now hold ? Where is Natchez? 7. What led to the de- 
struction of the French fort just mentioned? How did the people of New Or- 
leans avenge this massacre? 8. Which of the colonies was settled last? 
When and by whom was Georgia settled ? What city was first founded ? How 
is Savannah situated ? (See map.) 9. How did Oglethorpe treat the Indians ? 
Give an account of their visit to him. 10. State, in order, by whom and when 
each of the Thirteen Colonies was founded. 

Liesson XXIII, p. 74. — 1. What difficulty again arose between the 
French and the English ? What was the ground of the Frcncli claim ? What 
steps were taken by the French ? 2. What passed between the Indians living 



QUESTIONS. 237 

near the Ohio and the French? WitJi whom did the Indians then make a 
treaty? What was done by the governor of Virginia ? 3. Who was selected 
for this mission? How old was Washington then? Where was he born? 
By whom was he brought up ? 4, Relate the story about George's skill in 
horsemanship. 5. What position did George take in school ? How was he 
employed after leaving school ? W^hat led the governor of Virginia to choose 
him for his messenger ? 6. Where did the French fort lie ? What is said of 
the route thither? What eifect did Washington's message produce? 1. By 
whom had Washington been accompanied? What did the French try to do 
with these Indians ? At last, what was Washington obhged to do ? W'hat is 
said of the journey home ? 8. Give an account of Washington's narrow escape 
amid the drifting ice. 9, On making his report, for what was W^ashingtou 
commended ? What war followed ? 

Lesson XXTV, p. 76.— 1. Where did Washington advise the erection 
of a fort ? W hat became of this fort ? W hat did the French call it ? 2. W^ h at 
victory was soon after achieved by Washington? What then befell him? 3. 
Who came over in 1755 ? What post did Braddock proceed to attack ? Who 
joined his army ? What advice did Washington give Braddock ? What reply 
did Braddock make ? 4. Give an account of the surprise of Braddock' s army. 
How did the Virginia Eangers behave ? W^hat is said of the rest of the army ? 
5. What befell Braddock ? Who then took the command ? What dangers did 
Washington escape? 6. What became of Braddock' s fine army? What had 
the French commander at first intended ? What made him change his mind ? 
7. What success did the English colonists have in the north ? What large 
tract did they conquer? 8. In 1756, what French general came over? What 
did Montcalm do in 1757 ? On whom did the commander of Fort William 
Henry rely for aid ? 9. Why did not Webb go to relieve the fort ? How long 
did it hold out ? On what terms was it surrendered ? 10. Give an accomit 
of the massacre that followed the surrender. Up to this time, which party 
had generally been successful ? How did the French territory in America now 
compare with the English ? 

liCSSOn XXV, p. 79. — 1. By what had the English losses been caused ? 
What did they therefore do ? What French post was captured ? How long 
did the commander hold out ? 2. What other post was attacked. With what 
result ? Give an account of the English attack on Fort Du Quesne. 3. What 
was erected on the site of Fort Du Quesne ? To what was the name changed? 
How was Washington received, on his return to Virginia? What passed 
in the House of Burgesses ? 4. What was the strongest place now in pos- 
session of the French ? How was Quebec situated ? By whom was it defend- 
ed? Who was sent against it? When? 5. How did Wolfe spend several 
months ? What desperate plan did he at last form ? 6. Give an account of 
the ascent. What did Montcalm do, on hearing the news ? What was the 
result of the battle? What was Wolfe's fate? 7. What happened to Mont- 
calm? Three days after the battle, what took place? What fell into the 
hands of the Ensclish the next year? 8. How long did the French and Indian 



238 QUESTIONS. 

War last? How have the English honored the memory of Wolfe and Mont- 
calm? What did England lose, and what did she gain, in this struggle? 

Lesson XXVI, p. 83. — 1. What now prevented the colonies from 
flourishing ? What was the character of many of the governors ? 2. How did 
the colonists feel towards their oj^pressive governors ? What difficulty arose 
with Governor Andros ? 3. How was the charter saved ? What afterwards 
happened to Andros ? 4, 5. What difficulty arose with Governor Fletcher ? 
Tell what passed between him and Captain Wadsworth. 6, What afforded a 
new pretext for wringing money out of America ? What did the King and 
Parliament claim ? What ground was taken by the colonies ? 7. What did 
Parliament do in 1760 ? What was the effect of this in the colonies ? What 
increased the excitement? What was required by the Stamp Act? How did 
the colonists feel respecting this tax ? 

Lesson XXVII, p. 85.— l. What took place in the House of Bur- 
gesses of Virginia, when the passage of the Stamp Act was announced ? What 
was the effect of Patrick Henry's eloquence ? 2, What acts followed on the part 
of the colonists ? What was Parliament obliged to do ? On what did it lay 
a duty ? 3. What increased the dissatisfaction of the colonists ? How did the 
soldiers behave on their amval ? What is meant by " the Boston Massacre" ? 
4. What concessions did Parliament finally make ? Was this sufficient ? 
What resolution did the colonists form ? Give an account of the riot at 
Boston. 5. What passed between the tea rioters and the British Admiral? 
6. Who was now governor of Massachusetts? What course did he pursue? 
How were the Boston boys troubled ? Give an account of their interview with 
General Gage. 7. What did General Gage try to do ? With what success ? 
What meeting was held in 1774? What measures were adopted? What 
famous words of Patrick Henry's were reechoed throughout the colonies ? 

Lesson XXvjjjl, p. 88.— 1. When did the war break out ? What was 
it called ? What was done by the British Parliament in 1775 ? What had 
General Gage already done ? How did the patriots get their cannon and ammu- 
nition out of Boston ? 2. Where did the patriots collect niost of their stores ? 
What movement was made by General Gage ? What did the British hear, as 
they advanced toward Concord? 3. What place did the British reach soon 
after daylight ? What took place at Lexington ? 4. Where did the British 
then go ? Give an account of the skirmish at Concord Bridge. What did the 
British destroy ? What had been done with most of the stores ? 5. How did 
Mr. Wheeler save a large quantity of flour ? 6. Describe the retreat of the 
British to Boston. What alone enabled them to reach the city? 7. What 
effect did the news of the battle of Lexington produce ? Describe tJie scene 
represented in the engraving. 8. What story is told of a mother and her two 
sons ? 9. Eelate tbe incident at Barnstable. 

Lesson XXIX, p. 92. — 1. Where, besides in New England, was the 
spirit of resistance shown ? What took place in Charlotte, North Carolina ? 
2. Where was Tieonderoga situated ? Who resolved to capture it ? Why 
were Ethan Allen's party called Green Mountain Boys? Where did they 



QUESTIONS. 239 

assemble? 3. How did tlicy obtain information about the fort? Give an 
account of the crossing. What took place as they approached the fort ? 4. 
What did the soldiers find, when they leaped from their beds ? W^hat passed 
between AMqu and the commander? What was the result? 5. What did 
Ethan Allen soon after plan i What success did he meet with ? What did the 
British do with him ? How was he treated ? 6. Tell how he once repaid the 
kindness of a British captain. 7. Relate an anecdote showing Allen's honesty. 
8. What took place the same day on which Ticonderoga was captured ? What 
preparations were made by Congress? Who was elected commander-in-chief? 
To what place did Washington hasten ? What took place before Washington 
reached Cambridge ? 

liesson XXX, p. 94. — 1. In June, 1775, how many British troops lay 
in Boston ? How many Americans had gathered around the city ? What 
movement Avas contemplated by the British ? In view of this, what Avas done 
by the American general ? • 2. What was accomplished by the Americans 
during the night ? What did the British see in the morning ? What measures 
were taken by the British ? 3. Give an account of the battle of Bunker Hill. 
Near what place did the battle take place ? (See map. ) 4. Who was killed, as 
the Americans were leaving tlie works ? What had passed between Warren and 
Colonel Prescott ? How did the British general feel, when he heard of Warren's 
fall ? 5. Which party had the advantage in the battle of Bunker Hill ? 
What monument has since been raised? 6. Who did good service at Bunker 
Hill? How was Putnam employed when he heard of the battle of Lexing- 
ton ? What did he do ? In what war had he served ? How old was he at 
this time ? 7, 8. Tell the story of Putnam and the wolf. 9. What did 
Putnam once do, at the risk of his life ? Give an account of his rescue 
from the Indians by a French officer. 10. What anecdote is related of Put- 
nam and General Gage ? 

Lesson XXXT, p. 98. — 1. What did Congress proceed to carry on ? 
AVhat was their object in invading Canada ? To whom did they give the com- 
mand of the expedition ? What places surrendered ? What place remained ? 
What difficulty did Montgomery now meet with? 2. Who where at this time 
making their way to join Montgomery ? Give an account of the sufiferings of 
Arnold's party. 3. When this party arrived, what did Montgomery do? 
What success did he meet with in the siege ? At last, what desperate resolve 
was formed? 4. Give an account of the attack on Quebec. What was one 
party of the Americans obliged to do ? What was done by the rest ? How 
long did they remain before Quebec? 5. Whom did the King and Parlia- 
ment hire to fight for them in America ? In the mean time, what was Con- 
gress doing ? What did they urge Washington to do ? Why was he unwill- 
ing to attack the British ? W hen did he take the field ? 6. What was Wash- 
ington's first movement ? What did the British general determine to do ? 
What prevented him from making the attempt ? 7. What were the British 
then obliged to do ? How had those patriots who had stayed in Boston suf- 
fered ? Where did the British go ? Who had preceded them ? 



240 QUESTIONS. 

Lesson XXXII, p. 100.— 1. What did the people of South Carolina 
hear in June, 1776 ? What did they do, on learning this ? What soon ap- 
peared ? What was the effect of the British lire on the fort ? 2. What was 
the effect of the lire from the fort ? What attempt was made by the troops ? 
How long did the British keep up the attack ? What was the result ? 3. 
What gallant deed was performed by Sergeant Jasper m this battle ? 4, 5. Tell 
the story about Jasper's rescuing some American prisoners near Savannah. 
G. Why is the 4th of July kept as a holiday ? What had Congress hoped ? 
On the 4th of July, 1776, what did Congress do ? After this, what w^ere the 
thirteen colonies styled. 7. What took place in Philadelphia, while Congress 
was discussing the Declaration ? How was the news that the Declaration had 
passed received in New York ? How in Boston ? What is represented in the 
engraving ? 

Lesson XXXTTT, p. 103.— 1. Where did the war centre in 1770 ? Who 
was now the British corumander ? What troops had Howe ? In what direction 
did he advance on New York ? What preparations had the Americans made 
on Long Island ? 2. Give an account of the battle of Long Island. After the 
battle, why did not Howe attack the American fortifications ? 3. Who crossed 
to Long Island during the battle ? Tell how W^ashington saved the army. 4. 
How did the British come near learning that the Americans were embark- 
ing? What was the effect of the battle of Long Island? 5. What had 
Howe done on first approaching New York? How were his advances 
met? What passed between Howe and a committee of Congress, after the 
battle ? 6. Who were called Tories, and who Whigs ? What plot was 
formed by the Tories ? How did Washington hear of it ? 7. What meas- 
ures were taken by Washington to discover the guilty party? 8. What 
passed at dinner? 9. Tell the story about the sloop of war that put into 
Martha's Vineyard. 

Lesson XXXIV, p. 106. —1. What was the state of the American 
army in New York, alter the battle of Long Island ? What was Washington 
obliged to do ? What then became of New York ? What com'se did Howe 
pursue ? 2. Describe Washington's movements. Where did a battle take 
place ? With what result ? What did Washington then do ? What took 
place at Fort Wa^^hington ? 3. Wliat followed the fall cf Fort Washington ? 
Describe the retreat of the American army across New Jersey. How did 
Washington save his men ? What did Cornwallis do, on arriving at the Del- 
aware ? 4. What was the next movement of Washington ? What time was 
chosen for the attempt, and why? Give an account of the surprise of the 
Hessians at Trenton. 5. What was done by Washington after the surprise at 
Trenton ? How many men liad he lost ? 6. A few days afterward, what 
movement did Washington make ? Who soon appeared, to give him battle ? 
Tell how Washington disappointed Cornwallis. 7. What took place at 
Princeton ? Where did Washington fix his winter-quarters ? 8. From what 
did the Americans suffer at Morristown ? How did the people of the place 
treat them ? What did Washington accomplish during the winter ? 9. Ee- 



QUESTIONS. 241 

late the stratagem by which Comwallis was misled as to the strength of the 
Americans. 

licsson XXXV, p. 109.— 1. In 1777, who led another British army 
into the fields What state did Burgoyne invade ? What did he do on the 
bank of Lake Champlain? What posts were taken? What did the Ameri- 
cans do as Burgoyne advanced ? 2. Who commanded the northern American 
army ? Give an account of the attempt to murder General Schuyler. 3. What 
detachment had been sent out by General Burgoyne ? Where did this detach- 
ment meet with a brave resistance ? Give an account of General Herkimer's 
attempt to relieve Fort Stanwix. 4. Who then undertook to relieve the fort ? 
Eelate Arnold's stratagem. 5. Where did Burgoyne send another detach- 
ment? By whom were they met ? How did Stark address his men? What 
Avas the result of the battle of Bennington ? 6. Eelate the story about the 
conscientious minister. 7. What effect did the failure of these expeditions 
have ? What is related of Mrs. Schuyler ? How was the American aniiy in- 
creased? 8. What change was now made in the command of the northern 
army? What did Gates determine to do ? What was the consequence ? Give 
an account of the first battle of Stillwater. 9. What was now Burgoyne's 
condition? Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. 10. What 
was Burgoyne's next movemont ? What was he finally obliged to do ? What 
were surrendered at Saratoga ? 

Lesson XXXVI, p. 1 13* — 1. While Burgoyne was conducting his cam- 
paign, what was Washington trying to do ? What movements had been made 
by Howe ? How many men had each general ? Where did they meet ? What 
was the result of the battle ot Brandy wine ? 2. Who is mentioned as fighting 
bravely at Brandy wine ? AVhat is said of this young French noble ? 3. Where 
was a large division of the British stationed ? In what direction is German- 
town from Philadelphia ? (See map.) What attempt did Washington make ? 
Give an account of the battle of Germantown. Where did Washington lead 
his men into winter-quarters ? 4. What amusing incident took place during 
the battle of Germantown ? 5. What was the condition of the American army 
at Valley Forge ? W^hat made it hard for them to get provisions ? 6. How 
did Mary Knight help the American soldiers :■ How did she preserve her 
brother? 7. Amid the general gloom, what joyful news was received? By 
Avhose efforts had this been brought about ? What is said of the youth of 
Benjamin Franklin ? 8. On reaching Philadelphia, what did Franklin find ? 
What passed between him and his landlady ? How was Franklin regarded ? 

Liesson XXXVTI, p. 116. — 1. In 1778, what change was made in the 
command of the British army? What orders had Clinton? How did his 
army compare with Washington's? Where did they meet? 2. Give an ac- 
count of the battle of Monmouth. How did the Americans and Washington 
pass the night ? What did they find in the morning ? 3. Describe the v,'eathcr 
on the day of the battle. Toll the story of Molly Pitcher. 4. What is said 
of the Indians on the frontier? What did they do in 1778 ? Where was Wyo- 
ming ? What preparations were made by its inhabitants 'i What was the fate 
11 



242 QUESTIONS. 

of those who went to meet the enemy ? How were the prisoners treated ? 5. 
What befell the people in the fort, and the whole valley? 6. Where did the 
British commence operations toward the close of 1778 ? What city did they 
take ? By whom were they attacked in Savannah ? What was the result of 
the attack ? Who lost his life in this battle ? 7. What serious reverse did the 
patriots of the south suifer, the next year? What fell into tlie hands of the 
enemy at Charleston ? 8. Relate the stratagem practised by Colonel White. 

9. How did White secure his prisoners ? 

Iiesson XXXVm, p. 119.— 1. How did the power of the United 
States compare with that of England on the ocean ? What are privateers ? 
How did they annoy the English I Who was among the most famous officers 
employed by Congress ? 2. Give an account of the early life of Paul Jones. 
What did he do when the Revolution broke out ? What honor did [le enjoy ? 
Describe this flag. What was Jones soon doing ? 3. Where did Jones after- 
ward cruise ? How was he looked upon ? What happened at one point of the 
coast? 4. What was Jones's most famous battle? What was the result of 
the engagement ? What honor did the King confer on the commander of the 
Serapis? What did Jones say? 5, 6. Give an account of Putnam's escape 
from the dragoons. 7. What state was overrun by the British in 1780? 
What were the people required to do? What outrages were committed? 
What was their effect ? 8. Name two famous partisan leaders. Where had 
Marion served ? How had he escaped capture at Charleston ? 9. What is said 
of Marion and his men ? Relate the story of Marion and the British officer. 

10. How did the women of Carolina help their defenders ? Tell the story of 
Miss Moore. What was done by one company of young women ? 

JLesson XXXIX, p. 123. — 1. Give an account of Marion's escape from 
some British dragoons. 2. Tell the story about Horry and Baxter. 3. What 
was at last done by Congress ? Where did Gates march ? What did the pa- 
triots do as he approached ? 4. How was the powder used at Hanging Rock 
saved ? 5. What was the date of the battle of Camden ? What strange coin- 
cidence is mentioned? Give an account of the battle. What followed ? Who 
superseded General Gates ? 6. What prevented Congress from sending an- 
other army into the field ? Under what difficulties did Congress labor ? 7. 
What was the condition of Washington's army in the north ? What treacher- 
ous blow was now aimed at the patriot cause ? What post did Arnold com- 
mand? What offer did he make to the British? 8. Who was sent to confer 
with Arnold ? What took place while Andre was returning? What was the 
fate of Andre ? 9. What did Arnold do on hearing of Andre's capture ? How 
did Arnold afterward distinguish himself? How was he looked upon? 10. 
What plan was formed for capturing Arnold ? How was it defeated ? Who 
subsequently tried to take him ? 

Lesson XLi, p. 126. — 1. After his victory at Camden, what did Corn- 
wallis proceed to do ? What was done by some whig mountaineers? What 
was the result of the battle of King's Mountain? 2. Whom did General 
Greene station at Co wpens? By whom was Morgan attacked? Give an ac- 



QUESTIONS. 243 

count of the battle. 3. Describe the encounter between Colonel Washington 
and Tarleton, What rebuke did Tarleton soon after receive? 4. Give an ac- 
count of Colonel Washington's stratagem. 5. What was done by Cornwallis, 
on hearing of Tarleton's defeat at Cowpens ? How were the Americans saved 
at the Catawba ? What befell General Greene about this time ? 6. How were 
tlie Americans saved at the Yadkin i After crossing the Yadkin, what did 
Cornwallis try to do I Did he succeed? What is said of the hard-^hips of the 
Americans? 7. Where was the next battle fought? What was its result? 
What did Cornwallis think it best to do ? Where did he afterward go ? How 
much property was destroyed by the British in Virginia ? Where did Corn- 
wallis then collect his forces? 8. What were Marion and Lee now doing? 
What took place at Mrs. Motto's? 9. Kelate an incident connected with the 
attack on Georgetown. 

Lesson XTJ, p. 130.— 1. Where did Greene go after the battle of Guil- 
ford Court-House ? Where did he meet with a reverse? What did he soon 
succeed in doing ? W here did he give battle to the main body of the enemy ? 
2. Eelate an anecdote about a Bri tish officer at Eutaw. 3. Give an account 
of the battle of Eutaw. What was done by the British commander the next 
day ? 4. Where did a French fleet appear in the summer of 1781 ? What 
was at once done by Washington? Whose division was already in Virginia? 
When was Yorktown invested ? 5. What did Cornwallis first try ? What 
did he then attempt ? What success did he meet with ? 6. What was now 
Cornwallis' s only hope? When did he find it necessary to surrender ? How 
many laid down their arms ? What is related of Washington ? What did 
Clinton do that same day ? 7. Hoav was the news of the surrender received ? 
What took place at Philadelphia? 8. What did the King and Parliament 
now find was useless? Where did commissioners meet? What was the re- 
sult? What orders did the British army receive? 9. What new danger 
arose while the American army was lying unemployed ? What did they offer 
to make Washington ? How did he meet it ? 10. When was the army dis- 
banded ? What was the condition of many of the soldiers ? Give an account 
of Washington's parting with his officers. After this, what did he do ? 

iLesson XTjTT, p. 133. — 1. Give an account of Washington's visit to his 
mother. What passed between her and La Fayette ? 2. By what difficulties 
did Congress find itself surrounded ? Of what did England complain ? 3, 
What was the condition of the people? What took place in Massachusetts? 
What was the issue of Shays' rebellion ? 4. What now became evident ? 
How was it proposed to form a constitution ? When and where did the con- 
vention meet? Who was elected its president ? 5. What difficulties arose in 
the convention ? What proposition was made by Benjamin Franklin ? What 
was the effect? 6. What was done with the constitution, when thus drawn 
up ? By whom was it defended ? How Avas it received by the states ? 7. 
According to the constitution, by whom are all laws for the country at large 
passed ? How often does Congress meet ? By whom are the senators elected ? 
The representatives ? By whom are the laws interpreted ? By whom are the 



244 QUESTIONS. 

laws executed? 8. What veto power has the President? What other powers 
does he possess? Who takes the President's place if he is disabled? In 
•what matters is each state supreme? In what, the general oovernment? 9. 
Who was elected the first President? What is sdd of Washington's journey- 
to New York ? When did he take the oath of office ? 

Lesson XLHI, p. 13*?.— 1. What was the first thing to be done in 
Washington's administration? To whom was the task intrusted? What did 
Hamilton succeed in doing ? What did Congress do by his advice ? What was 
the eifect of these measures? 2. What was the next difficulty that arose? 
Where had adventurous hunters made their way ? Who first settled in Ken- 
tucky? What is said of Boone's wife and daughter? 3. What took place at 
Bryan Station in 1782? 4. How did Congress try to satisfy the Indians? 
What tone was taken by some of the Indians north of the Ohio ? What was 
done by Congress ? Give an account of Harmer's expedition. 5. Who was 
next sent against the Indians? Who was the leading spirit of the Indians? 
Describe Little Turtle. What plan did he lay ? Give an account of St. Clair's 
defeat. G. Who was intrusted with the command of the third expedition? 
What nick-name had General Wayne gained in the Eevolution ? Give an ac- 
count of Wayne's movements. What was the result ? What is Wayne said to 
have told the Indians? 7. How many terms was Washington President- 
How many years? What is said of the opposition to the President? 8. 
By what was W^ashington troubled, early in his second term ? Give an account 
of the Whiskey Eebellion, 9, Wl)at other troubles arose? How did Wash- 
ington meet them all? What did some want him to do? W^hat did others 
Bay ? What did Washington prudently do ? Meanwliile, what was the state 
of the country ? What have, from time to time, been formed ? 

liesson XHiIV, p. 140.— 1. Wlio succeeded Washington as President? 
What is said of John Adams ? Kelate what happened to Mr. Adams when 
he was going to France as ambassador. 2. What difficulty arose in Adains's 
term ? What occasioned it ? What took place in consequence of these out- 
rages ? What was the result of one of these actions ? 3. Tell the story of 
Lieutenant Eodgers and his twelve men. 4. Toward the close of 1799, what 
news plunged the nation in grief? Of what did Washington die? What did 
he say to his physician? 5, Where did Congress meet in 1800? How is 
Washington situated ? How did the general government obtain the District 
of Columbia? Describe the District as it was. What changes have taken 
place in the District aiad in Washington City? 6. Who succeeded John 
Adams? What is Jefferson noted for having drawn up? What was one of 
the most important events during his term i State the circumstances under 
which Louisiana was bought ? How much was given for it ? 7. Where do 
the Barbary States lie ? Of whom were they long the home ? What led to a 
war with Tripoli ? 8. What befell the Philadelphia ? What gallant exploit 
was performed by Decatur in connection with this vessel? 9. What did the 
Americans do soon after this ? TeU the story about Decatur. What was the 
result of the war ? 



QUESTIONS. 245 

Lesson XIiV» p. 144. — 1. When did Jefferson commence his second 
term ? What is said of Aaron Burr ? What is Burr's scheme thought to have 
been? 2. How did the President put a stop to Burr's movements ? How did 
Burr's trial result? 3. What lay west of the Eocky Mountains, on the Pacific ? 
What lay north of California ? What measures were taken to explore this 
region? What is said of the exploring party? 4. By what was Jefferson's 
second term distinguished ? By whom was the first steamboat constructed ? 
Where did it ply ? How did its speed compare with that of the river sloops ? 
For what did this little boat of Fulton's lead the way ? 5. What arrogant claim 
did Great Britain make and act upon, to the injury of American commerce? 
C). Give an account of the outrage committed on the Chesapeake. What took 
place between the Little Belt and the President ? T. In the midst of the ex- 
citement, who became President ? How long did Madison serve ? By Avhat 
was his administration signalized? 8. What troubles assumed a threatening 
aspect in the west ? Who was at the head of the Indians ? What is said of 
Tecumseh ? Of his brother ? What did they do I 9. Where did the prophet 
fix his head-quarters ? 

Lesson XLVI» p. 147.— 1. Who was governor of the territory of In- 
diana at this time? How did Tecumseh think he would commence the war? 
How did Harrison defeat his treacherous plan ? 2. Eelate an anecdote illus- 
trative of the pride of Tecumseh. 3. Whom did Tecumseh try to bring over 
to his plans? How did he succeed? How was t'lis movement defeated? 
Where is the Tippecanoe Eiver? 4. Who met Harrison at this point ? What 
did the ambassadors say ? What took place that very night ? 5. Give an ac- 
count of the battle of Tippecanoe. What made the Indians fight with such 
desperate courage ? 6,7. What was the issue of the battle? Tell the stoiy 
illustrative of General Harrison's merciful disposition. 8. What followed 
these Indian troubles? What position was taken by Clay, Calhoun, and 
others ? Accordingly, what was done ? What is this war called, and why ? 

Lesson XL VII, p. 150.— 1. What disadvantage did the United States 
now labor under? What was the first thing proposed? Who was intrusted 
wifti the invasion of Canada? 2. Give an account of Hull's movements. 
What led him to march back without attacking the fort ? What was then 
done by the British? 3. What took place at Detroit ? What did the British 
gain by this surrender ? What afterward became of Hull ? 4. What move- 
ment was made shortly after this in New York ? What was done by the first 
division of the army ? How was their success turned into defeat? 5. What 
made up for these reverses? 6. By whom was one of the greatest naval vic- 
tories of the Americans gained ? Give an account of the action between the 
Constitution and the Guerriere. 7. By what other vessels were victories 
gained? Give an account of the engagement between the Wasp and the 
Frolic. What prevented the Wasp from securing her prize ? 8. What vessel 
did Decatur now command ? What vessel did he capture ? What other 
great victory was won ? What was done with the Java ? What was first 
taken out of her? 9. Eelate an anecdote about this wheel of the Java. 



246 QUESTIONS. 

Lesson XIjVIII, p. 153* — 1. Wliat bad been one great cause of the 
defeats of the Americans? What spirit was still displayed by Congress^ 
What did sonic maintain ? Who had already taken the field ? Who was ap- 
pointed to command them? 2. Wliat was Harrison's object? What pre- 
vented him from accomplishing it ? How was the army divided for the win- 
ter? What was done by General Winchester? By whom was he attacked? 
3. What befell Winchester during the battle? Tell the story about Eound 
Head and Winchester. 4. How were the Americans induced to surrender ? 
How was Proctor's pledge kept? 5. What did Proctor now thinks What 
had Harrison been doing? Who soon appeared before Fort Meigs J Near 
what river was Fort Meigs ? (See map.) What was Han-ison's answer, when 
summoned to siu-render? 6. Give an account of the attack. 7. What news 
was now received 'i What orders were given by Harrison ? What was the 
result of these movements ? How were the prisoners treated ? How did the 
attack on Fort Meigs terminate ? 8. What success did the Americans meet 
with on the ocean in 1813 ? How did Commodore Porter distinguish himself? 
What success did Captain Lawrence meet with in the Hornet ? What befell 
him in the Chesapeake ? What was his last order as he was carried below ? 

liCSSOn XLiIXy p. 156. — 1. Who invaded Canada from the New York 
frontier in 1813 ? 0\\ what place did he make a descent ? Give an accovmt of 
the first movements of the Americans. 2. What took place when they were 
within a short distance of the British barracks? Describe the effects of this 
explosion. What was done by the Americans who were uninjured. 3. What 
befell General Pike ? Give an account of his dying moments. What were 
next taken by the Americans ? Where did the British retire ? 4. Give an 
account of the descent of the British on Sackett's Harbor? What incident is 
mentioned in connection with this battle ? 5. After leaving Fort Meigs, what 
place did Proctor attack? Who commanded Fort Stephenson?- What was 
Proctor's summons to surrender, and how did Croghan answer it? 6. Give 
an account of the attack and defence of this post. What was the result? 7. 
In the summer of 1813, who was sent to Lake Erie? For what purpose? 
Where did Perry get his vessels ? Where were a number of Indians ass6m- 
bled? 8. Give an account of the action. When Perry's flag-ship was dis- 
abled, what bold manoeuvre did he perform ? 9. What movement of Perry's 
decided the day ? What did the British commander do ? What is said of the 
number of prisoners taken ? In what part of Lake Erie did this action take 
place. (See map, p. 155.) 10. How did Perry announce his victory to Gen- 
eral Harrison ? 

liesson li, p. 159. — 1. How did Harrison follow up Perry's victory? 
What had Proctor and Tecumseh done ? Where did Harrison overtake them ? 
How were the British posted ? What mistake had Proctor made ? How did 
Harrison avail himself of it? 2. Give an account of the cliarge of the Ken- 
tuckians. What was its effect ? Whom did the Kentuckians next charge ? 
How were they received? 3. Give an account of the fall of Tecumseh. What 
followed ? What took place among the Creeks in the summer of 1813 ? What 



QUESTIONS. 247 

did the settlers in Alabama do? How did Wetherford commence the war? 
5. What measui-es were taken to avenge this massacre ? Who reached the 
ground first ? By whom were the Tennesseeans commanded ? What success 
did they have ? 6. From what did Jackson's men begin to suffer ? What did 
this lead them to do ? How did Jackson quell the mutiny ? 7. Give an ac- 
count of the defeat of the Creeks on their beloved ground. When and how 
did Jackson put an end to the war? 8. What took place immediately after 
this battle ? What passed between Wetherford and Jackson ? What was the 
result I 9. Eelate the incident connected with the Indian baby. 10. Tell the 
story about Jackson and the British officer. 

Lesson LI, p. 163.— 1. Under whom, and when, did the Americans 
begin to be successful in Canada ? Give an accoimt of General Brown's move- 
ments. 2. What is said of the battle of Bridgewater? Wlio distinguished 
themselves in this battle ? What is related of Colonel Miller? 3. What place 
was attacked by the British in September, 1814? What measures were taken 
for the defence of Plattsburg ? What boast had been made by Commodore 
Downie? What was the result of the battle? 4. Where did a British fleet 
appear in the summer of 1814 ? Whom did this fleet contain ? Give an ac- 
count of the descent on Washington, 5. What city did Eoss next propose to 
ravage ? How was Baltimore defended ? What befell General Eoss ? How 
did the attack terminate ? 6. What unpleasant news did the people of New 
Orleans receive ? What were some for doing? Who appeared among them 
at this time ? What measures were taken by Jackson ? By whom was Jack- 
son supported ? 7. Where did Jackson intrench himself? What is said of the 
cannonading? On the 8th of January, 1815, what was done by the British? 
8. Describe the attempt of the British to storm Jackson's works. What was 
the issue of the battle ? Wliat was the. American loss ? 9. Tell how Jackson 
made one of the citizens a soldier in spite of himself ? Tell the story about 
his being fined. 10, How and when was the war with Great Britain termi- 
nated ? How Avas the news received? 

Lesson LII» p. 168. — 1. W^ho became President, March 4th, 1817? 
What were commenced during his term of oflSce ? What great work was com- 
pleted in 1825 ? What does the Erie Canal connect ? What is said of its 
effects ? 2. What war broke out soon after Monroe became President ? Where 
did the Seminoles live ? By whom were they set on ? Where did they begin 
their depredations ? Who was sent against them ? What was done by Jack- 
son ? 3, Soon after this, what purchase was made by the United States ? 
What was now the condition of the country ? How many states were admitted 
under Monroe ? What is said of American commerce ? By whom were the 
haunts of the pirates broken up ? 4. How was the summer of 1824 signalized ? 
Give an account of La Fayette's visit, 5, When did Monroe's second term 
expire ? By whom was he succeeded ? 6. What took place, July 4th, 1826 ? 
What were the last words of Adams ? Of Jefferson ? 7. What were favorite 
measures with President Adams ? Of what else was he in favor ? What was 
the argument for a high tariff ? What was the argument against it ? 



248 QUESTIONS. 

Lesson LiIU, p. 1 70. — 1 . Who succeeded Monroe ? How many terms 
did Jackson serve ? Between what years ? 2. What is said of the North- 
west ? To what dangers were emigrants exposed ^ What occasioned difficul- 
ties with the Indians ? 3. Where did a case of this kind occur? What chief 
•was the leading spirit there ? What became of Black Hawk ? What was the 
consequence ? \¥hat befell a body of troops sent out to take part in this war ? 
4. Give an account of the tariff difficulties that arose in 1832. How were they 
settled ? 5. What did Jackson do in connection with the United States Bank ? 
V/hat was the consequence ? How did he act towards foreign governments ? 
What nations were compelled to make reparation ? 6. What difficulties arose 
with the Seminoles? Describe the Avarfare carried on by the Indians. 7. Who 
was sent against the Seminoles ? In 1838, what was found necessary ? What 
followed ? W^hat were the Seminoles obliged to do ? What course have they 
pursued since that time ? 

Iiesson lilV, p. 173* — 1. Who succeeded Jackson? At what date? 
2. What were the chief events of Van Buren's term? Give an account of the 
Canadian difficulty. How was war averted? 3. Who was next raised to the 
presidency ? What melancholy event soon after took place ? By Avhom were 
the duties of the office then performed ? How did Tyler make many enemies ? 
4. What troublesome question was settled during Tyler's term? By what 
statesman was this question settled? 5. Give an account of the exploring ex- 
pedition which returned in 1842. 6. When Avas the magnetic telegraph first 
brought into practical operation? Who was its inventor? How had Morse 
been aided by Congress? Where was the first line established ? How did this 
line work ? 7. What was one of the last acts of Congress during Tyler's terra ? 
What is said of the previous history of Texas ? How often had Texas applied 
for admission ? When was she admitted ? 

Lesson LV, p. 175.— 1. Who became President, March 4th, 1845 ? 
What followed the admission of Texas into the Union ? What orders were 
given to General Taylor? What did Taylor do? 2. Give an account of the 
first two battles of the war, and the movements that led to them. What had 
been going on at the fort? 3. What was the next step in Taylor's cam- 
paign? What is said of the number of volunteers? Where did Taylor first 
meet with resistance ? How was Monterey taken ? Where was the next bat- 
tle fought ? What passed between Santa Anna and Taylor before the battle ? 
4. What is said of the engagement at Buena Vista ? What did General Taylor 
tell Captain Bragg ? What was found the next morning ? 5. What anec- 
dote is related of General Taylor? 6. To whom was the chief command 
in the war now intrusted ? What Avas planned by General Scott ? What place 
was first taken? How is Vera Cruz situated? (See map.) 7. What did 
General Scott then proceed to do? What was he obliged to do, on reaching 
the Cordilleras ? What was the result of this engagement ? 8. Where did the 
enemy gather for a final stand ? How were they protected ? What is said of 
the behavior of the troops in taking these defences ? 9. What took place, 
September 14th, 1847 ? What had been going on meanwhile in the northern 



QUESTIONS. 249 

part of Mexico ? What did the Mexican government now do ? State the pro- 
visions of the treaty. 10. Give an account of the settlement of a boundary- 
line in the Northwest with Great Britain. 

Lesson LVI, p. 179.— 1. How were General Taylor's services reward- 
ed? Who was elected Vice-president ? 2. What discovery was made in Cali- 
fornia in 1848 ? What was the consequence of this discovery ? What request 
was made by the people of California in Taylor's term ? 3. What difficulty 
arose in relation to the admission of California ? How was it settled ? 4. What 
sad event took place while the discussion was going on ? 5. What expedition 
set out from the United States in 1850 ? With what success did it meet ? 
What took place the next year ? 6. What other events ot interest took place 
in Fillmore's term? 7. By whom was Fillmore succeeded? 

liesson IiVU, p. 181.— 1. By what event was the beginning of 
Pierce's term signalized ? 2. What was one of the greatest events of Pierce's 
term ? What is said of Japan and its people ? What had been done in the 
hope of opening a trade with Japan ? What was the result ? 3. What pro- 
duced great excitement in Pierce's tenn? What positions were taken by op- 
posite parties? Which prevailed? Of what did Kansas become the scene? 
4. Who was inaugurated, March 4th, 1857? What took place in the fall of 
that same year? 5. With whom did difficulties now arise ? Where did the 
Mormons live ? What had they done ? What steps were taken by the gov- 
ernment, and what was the result ? 6. To what South American state was a 
strong naval force sent ? Why ? How did this trouble terminate ? 7. Give 
an account of the attempt of John Brown and his men. 8. What took place 
in the summer of 1860 ? How were the Japanese received? What did they 
take back with them ? 9. What other object of interest presented itself about 
the same time ? Where was the Great Eastern built ? How long was it ? 10. 
Who was elected President in 1860 ? What events followed ? Who was chosen 
President of the Confederate States? 11. When did Mr. Lincoln become 
President ? What was then the condition of affairs ? 

Lesson liVHI, p. 184.— 1. What Southern fort was still held by the 
United States ? What was one of Mr. Lincoln's first measures? With what 
success did the attempt meet ? What was the fate of Fort Sumter ? 2. What 
did President Lincoln next do? What states soon after joined the Confeder- 
acy ? What steps were taken by the Confederates? 3. What city was for a 
time threatened by the Confederates? To whom was the command of the 
Federal forces intrusted ? With what success did the Federal troops meet in 
western Virginia ? With what, in eastern Virginia ? 4. Give an account of 
the battle of Bull Run. How is Bull Eun situated ? (See map.) What places 
between it and Washington? 5. What events took place at this time in Mis- 
souri ? What advantages, on the other hand, did the Government forces gain 
on the Atlantic coast ? 6. Who took command of the Federal forces after the 
battle of Bull Eun ? What took place October 21st ? The next month, where 
did the Federals meet with a reverse ? What was the state of things in Ken- 
tucky ? 7. Give an account of the blockade of the Southern coast. How was 



250 QUESTIONS. 

it sometimes broken ? 8. Who were Mason and Slidell ? Give an account of 
their capture. How was war with Great Britain avoided ? 

Lesson LiIX, p. 187. — l. At the commencement of 1862, how many 
men liad the Confederates in the field? Where was their main body? What 
was the number of the Federal forces ? Early in the year, what advantages 
were gained in Kentucky? 2. What had Commodore Foote been preparing at 
Cairo ? Who cooperated with this naval force ? What forts were captured ? 
How were these posts situated ? What was the consequence of these captures ? 
3. Give an account of the descent on Koanoke Island. WLat other places in 
North Carolina were taken ? 4. Where was a large Federal fleet stationed ? 
What made its appearance one day ? What was done by tlie ram? 5. What 
fears were entertained for the next day ? How was the rest of the fleet saved ? 
What battle was fought just at this time? With what result ? 6. At what 
place in the Mississippi had the Confederates strong fortifications ? Who at- 
tempted the capture of this island ? What was the result ? What did the 
gun-boats then do ? 7. How did General Grant follow up the captm-e of Forts 
Henry and Donelson ? Where did the enemy attack his army ? How is Shi- 
loh situated? (See ma}*.) What was the result of the first day's fighting? 
What of the second ? What did the Confederates do, wlien followed to Cor- 
inth? 8. What fort was taken early in April? What more important suc- 
cess followed ? 

Liesson LX, p. 190.— 1. For what had tlie army of the Potomac been 
preparing ? When they commenced moving, what did the enemy do ? By 
what route did McClellan propose advancing on Eichmond? Accordingly, 
what did he do ? Where did he meet with resistance ? At length, how near 
Richmond did he get ? 2. At this point, what did McClellan do ? Why was 
he not reenforced ? What took place, May 31st ? What was the effect of the 
swamps on the Federal army ? 3, Give an account of McClellan' s change of 
base. 4. What was General Lee's next movement, and its result? 5. What 
did General Lee next do ? What took place, September 14th ? How is South 
Mountain situated? (See map.) 6. What place was captured by Stonewall 
Jackson ? At the junction of what two rivers is Harrier's Ferry ? (See map.) 
When was the battle of Antietam fought ? With what result ? Into what does 
Antietam Creek empty ? What did Lee do after this battle ? 7. By whom 
was McClellan now superseded ? Give an account of Burnside's movements at 
Fredericksburg. 

Liesson LXI, p. 193. — 1. Relate the movements of the Confederates 
in Tennessee and Kentucky, towards the close of 1862. 2. What victories 
were gained by General Rosecrans about tliis time ? Whom was Rosccrans 
ordered to supersede ? What took place, December 31st ? What was the re- 
sult of the battle ? 3. What was the daily cost of the war ? How was this 
sum raised ? What had the banks done some time before ? What was the 
efiect on the value of gold? 4. What memorable proclamation was made by 
the President, January 1st, 1863? 5. Early in 1863, who was made com- 
mander of the army of the Potomac ? Give an account of Hooker's forward 



QUESTIONS. 251 

movementc How is Chaneellorsville situated ? Wliat was the result of the 
battle? 6. After repulsing Hooker, what was Lee's next movenaeut ? Give 
an account of Lee's second invasion. What battle terminated it I What was 
the result Qf the battle of Gettysbui-g? 7. What movements were made by 
General Grant in Mississippi ? How is Vicksburg situated ? (See map.) 8. 
Give an account of the siege of Vicksburg, and its result. 9. What place sur- 
rendered four days later? What was the eifect of these victories? 

Lesson LXTT, p. 195. — 1. What measure was resorted to in the sum- 
mer of 1863 ? What was the consequence ? 2. Give an account of the riot 
in New York city. 3. Eelate the history of Morgan's raid. 4. What place 
on the Atlantic coast did the Confederates attempt to recapture ? With what 
success ? What movements were made by the National forces against Charles- 
ton ? How did they succeed ? 5. Give an account of Eosecrans's move- 
ments in June. AVhat took place at Chickamauga Creek? Into what does 
this stream empty ? What was the result of the battle ? 6. What did Bragg 
next do ? How was the Federal army relieved ? Who now superseded Eose- 
craus? W^hat was done by General Grant? Near what stream is Einggold? 
(See map.) What is stated respecting the victory gained by Hooker's men? 
7. After leaving Bragg, where did Longstreet's division go ? For what pur- 
pose? What was the result of their attack? How was Knoxville relieved 
from siege ? 8. What was the condition of things in Missouri and Arkansas ? 

Lesson LXm, p. 198.— 1. Early in 1864, what was done by General 
Banks ? With what success did he meet at first ? What took place, April 
8th? 2. Narrate the events of the following day. What difBculties did tha 
fleet encounter? 3. What other advantages were gained by the Confeder- 
ates ? What became of the ram Albemarle? 4. To what rank was General 
Grant raised, March 3d ? What did he do with the army at Chattanooga ? 
Where did he hasten? 5. Describe Sherman's movements. How did he 
finally succeed in taking Atlanta? 6. What route did Grant take in his 
advance on Eichmond? Give an account of his movements. What place did 
he attempt to take ? How was he prevented from taking it ? 7. On what 
place were two unsuccessful attempts made ? Give the history of the third 
invasion of ^taryland. 8. With what success did the Federal column that 
pursued Early meet? Who finally secured the Shenandoah Valley to the 
Union? 9. Tell how Sheridan once saved a lost battle. What was Early at 
last obliged to do ? 

Lesson LXTV, p. 201.— 1. By what event was the summer of 1864 
signalized? How Avas the Alabama destroyed? What other privateers were 
captured ? 2. What was done at Petersburg by Grant's army ? T\Tiat other 
movements were made? S. When and where did Admiral Farragut dis- 
tinguish himself? How was Mobile Bay defended? Eelate Farragut's 
achievements. 4. In the fall of 1864, who were elected President and Vice- 
president? 5. After taking Atlanta, how long a rest did Sherman allow his 
army ? What did he then do ? Within a month what was eifccted ? What 
were the Confederates obliged to do ? 6. Give an account of Hood's invasion 



252 QUESTIONS. 

of Tennessee. How Avas it terminated ? Where did Hood lead the remnants 
of his army? 7. What place was a great resoit of blockade-runners ? How 
was it defended? What attempt was made in December, 1864? Who re- 
peated the attempt ? With what succefvj ? 8. Towards the close of 1864, 
what schemes were set on foot in Canada ^ Mention some of these that were 
put in execution. 

Liesson LiXV, p. 204. — 1. What were the next movements made by 
Sherman's army? What places in North Carolina did they occupy? 2. 
What was done by the Confederate commander in Charleston ? What forced 
him to this course ? How long had the bombardment of Charleston lasted ? 
3. What movement was made by Sheridan at this time ? 4. What desperate 
attempt was made by the Confederates, March 25th ? With what success did 
they meet? What did General Grant do in turn? 5. What movement was 
made by the Federals, April 2d? What was the result? 6. What place did 
Lee's army try to reach ? How were they prevented from so doing ? What 
was the consequence? What other successes were gained by the National 
arms? 1. Give an account of President Lincoln's assassination, and the feel- 
ing it excited. The same night, what other attempt was made ? With what 
result ? 8. What was the late of the murderer and his accomplices ? 

Lesson LiXVI, p. 206.— 1. Who succeeded President Lincoln ? ¥7hat 
facts are stated respecting Johnson's preAious career ? 2. What was the effect 
of Lee's surrender ? What other surrenders followed ? Give an account of 
the capture of Jefferson Davis. 3. What was done by government on the 
close of the war ? How great a debt had been incurred ? What was the sub- 
stance of the President's proclamation of May 29th, 1865 ? What feeling pre- 
vailed in the South ? 4. What institution was abolished in 1865 ? How was 
this effected? 5. Who were the Fenians ? Give an account of their invasion 
of Canada. How was the movement stopped ? 6. What question produced 
great excitement in 1866 and 1867 ? On what did Congress insist? What 
was the result of the discussion ? 7. What purchase was made in 1867 ? De- 
scribe Russian America. 8. Give an account of the impeachment of President 
Johnson. 9. Whom did the republicans nominate for President and Vice-pres- 
ident in 1868 ? Whom did the democrats nominate ? Which candidates were 
elected ? When was General Grant inaugurated ? 

liesson IjXYU» p. 209. — 1. Give some particulars of President Grant's 
early life. 2. How did the President and Congress agree ? How was the Con- 
stitution amended ? What was done in the case of the seceded states not yet 
readmitted ? 3. What great work was completed in May, 1869 ? What did 
the Pacific Eailroad connect? What is said of the undertaking? 4. What 
important treaty was made in 1871 ? What were the " Alabama claims " ? 
How was the question disposed of? 5. What destnictive catastrophes oc- 
curred in 1871 and 1872 ? 6. Who were chosen President and Vice-presi- 
dent in 1872? Who ran against Grant for the presidency? 7. What was 
the "Credit Mobilier"? Give an account of the Credit Mobilier scandal. 
8„ What Indians gave trouble early in Grant's second term? Where did 



QUESTIONS. 253 

the Modocs live? "What was the cause of the difficulty? "What treacheious 
act did the Modocs commit ? "What was the result ? 9. Give an account of 
the Louisiana troubles. 10. Mention the principal remaining events of 
Grant's administration. Give the history of the difficulty with Spain. 11. 
How was the Centennial year, 1S76, celebrated ? Give an account of the 
Great Exhibition. 12. Who were nominated for the presidency and vice- 
presidency in 1876 ? "What made the election exciting ? How were the 
questions at issue settled ? Who were declared elected ? "When did the in- 
auguration take place ? 

liesson LXVm, p. 213.— 1. Give some particulars of the life of 
President Hayes. 2. "What first required the President's attention? "What 
was the condition of affairs in these states ? "What course did the President 
pursue ? Wliat was the result ? 3. Give an account of the great railroad 
strike in 1877. 4. W'hat is meant by the resumption of specie payments? 
When did it take place ? What action had Congress previously taken in re- 
lation to silver ? 5. When and how did difficulties with the Utes arise ? 
What took place in consequence ? 6. How was the large immigration of 
Chinese regarded in California, and why ? How was the difficulty met ? 

7. Who were candidates at the presidential election of 1880 ? What was the 
result of the election ? What happened on July 2d ? On September 19th ? 

8. Give a short sketch of General Garfield's life. 

I^esson liXIX, p. 215.— 1. What can you say of President Arthur? 
2. How was Chinese immigration limited in April, 1882? 3. What is the 
law as regards bigamy and polygamy ? 4. Give the substance of the Presi- 
dent' s message. 5. What are the provisions of the Civil Service Eeform Bill? 
6. For what does the Presidential Succession Bill provide ? 



THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 

PASSED JULY 4, 1776. 



A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in 

assembled. 



When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and 
to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect 
to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes wJiich 
impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that 
among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure 
these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just pow- 
ers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever any form of govern- 
ment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or 
to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most 
likely to effect their safety and happiness. Pinidencc, indeed, will dictate 
that governments long established, should not be changed for light and tran- 
sient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are 
more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves 
by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, Avhen a long 
train of abuses and usurjiations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces 
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their 
duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their fu- 
ture security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and 
such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems 
of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history 
of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- 
ment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be 
submitted to a candid world : 



DECLARA TION OF INDEPENDENCE. 255 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation 
in the legislatiu'e ; a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose 
of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have 
returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the 
mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that pur- 
pose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass 
others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to 
laws ibr establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of offi- 
cers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their 
acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, 



256 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



1 



so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the 
same absolute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and de- 
stroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to com- 
plete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with cir- 
cumscances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends 
and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, Avhose 
known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, 
and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the 
most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only by re- 
peated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act Avhich 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a Iree people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to ex- 
tend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. "We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. Wc have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties 
of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
inten-upt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and consanguinity. W^e must, therefore, acquiesce in the 
necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the 
rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMER- 
ICA, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the author- 
ity of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, fkee and independent 
States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, 
they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish 
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 257 

of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, wo mutually pledge to each other, our 
lives, ovu' fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

[The foregoing declaration was, bj order of Congress, 
engrossed, and signed bj the follo-sving members :] 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

New Hampshire. — Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew 
Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. — Samuel Adams, John Auams, Eobert Treat Painf, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. — Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. 

Connecticut. — Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. — William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
Morris. 

New ./grsey.— Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkin- 
soN, John Hart, Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. — Robert Morris, Benjamin Eusii, Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James 
Wilson, George Ross. 

Delaware.— Cm&xk Rodney, George Eead, Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland.— Sauvkl Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles 
Carroll, of Carrollton. 

Virginia.— Geohgi: Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
Braxton. 

North Caroli/ia.—^S'iLhix^i Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 

South Carolina.— Evw Ann Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Tiiomao 
Lynch, Jun., Arthur Midpleton. 

Georgia.— BvTTON Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 



CONSTITUTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA* 



We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, 
estabhsh Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide for the common 
defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty 
to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution 
for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE. I. 

Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Eepresentatives. 

Section. 2. The House of Eepresentatives shall be composed of Members 
chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Elec- 
tors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the 
most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 

No Person shall be a Eepresentative who shall not have attained to the 
Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not Avhcn elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he 
shall be chosen. 

Eepresentatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several 
States which may be included within tliis Union, according to their respective 
Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free 
Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding 
Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration 
shall be made Avithin three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of 
the United States, and Avithin every subsequent Tenn of ten Years, in such 
Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Eepresentatives shall 
not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least 
one Eepresentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of 
New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Ehode- 



* In punctuation, spelling, capitals, etc., this is an exact copy of the original document. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 259 

Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New 
Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten 
North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Execu- 
tive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill sucJi Vacancies. 

The House of Kepresentatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers • 
and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 

Section. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, lor six Years ; 
and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Elec- 
tion, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats 
of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the 
second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of 
the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be 
chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or other- 
wise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive tJiercof 
may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, 
which shall then fill such Vacancies. 

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of 
thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be 
chosen. 

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, 
but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall chuse their other Oflftcers, and also a President pro tem- 
pore in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office 
of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeacliments. When sit- 
ting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. AVhen the Presi- 
dent of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside : And no 
Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Mem- 
bers present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to re- 
moval from Office, and Disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of Honour, 
Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall never- 
theless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, 
according to Law. 

Section. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Sen- 
ators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature 
thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regu- 
lations, except as to the places of chusing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a 
different Day. 



260 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and 
Quallfioations of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a 
Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, 
and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such 
Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. 

Each Hou.se may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Mem- 
bers for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel 
a Member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require 
Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any 
question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the 
Journal. 

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent 
of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than 
that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section. 6. The Senators and Repi-esentatives shall receive a Compensa- 
tion for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury 
of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and 
Breach of the Peace, be privileged from AiTcst during their Attendance at the 
Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the 
same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be ques- 
tioned in any other Place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United 
States, Avhich shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased during such time ; and no Person liolding any Office under the 
United States, shall be a Member of either House during ])is Continuance in 
Office. 

Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as 
on other Bills. 

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the 
United States ; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall 
enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that 
House, it shall become a Law, But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses 
shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting 
for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respec- 
tively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days 
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 

shall be a law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their Adjournment prevent its Ecturn, in which Case it shall not be a Law. 

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of Ad- 
journment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and 
bcl'ore the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disap- 
proved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of 
Eepresentatives, according to the Eules and Limitations prescribed in the 
Case of a Bill. 

Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power 

To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts 
and j)rovide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United 
States ; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the 
United States ; 

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, 
and with the Indian Tribes ; 

To establish an uniform Eule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws ou the 
subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the 
Standard of Weights and Measures ; 

To provide for the Punishment of coimtcrfeiting the Securities and currrcut 
Coin of the United States ; 

To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; 

To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited 
Times to Autliors and Inventors the exclusive Eight to their respective Writ- 
ngs and Discoveries ; 

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ; 

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed ou the high Seas, 
and Offences against the Law of Nations ; 

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Eepri^al, and make Eules 
concerning Captures on Land and Water ; 

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use 
shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; 

To provide and maintain a Navy ; 

To make Eules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval 
Forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, 
suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for 
governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, 
and the Authority of training the MiUtia according to the Discipline prescribed 
by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such Dis- 



262 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

trict (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, 
and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the 
United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the 
Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the 
Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock-Yards, and other needful 
Buildings ; — And 

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into 
Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Consti- 
tution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Offi- 
cer thereof. 

Section. 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the 
States now existing shall think piopcr to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a 
Tax or Duty may be unposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars 
for each Person. 

The Privilege of the "Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when in Cases of Eebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 

No Capitation, or other Direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to 
the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 

No Preference shall be given by any Eegulation of Commerce or Revenue 
to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to, or 
from, one State, ba obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Ap- 
propriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of the Re- 
ceipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to 
time. 

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person 
holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent 
of the Congress, accept of any present. Emolument, Office, or Title, of any 
kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. 

Section. 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confedera- 
tion ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit 5 
make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass 
any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of 
Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or 
Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for 
executing it's inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Im- 
posts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the 
Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Re- 
vision and Controul of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, 
keep Troops, or Ships of War in Time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or 



I 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 268 

Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, un- 
less actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of Delay. 

AETICLE. II. 

Section. 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four 
Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be 
elected, as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and 
Eepreseutatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no 
Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit un- 
der the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

[* The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot 
for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted 
for, and of the Number of Votes for each ; which List they shall sign and cer- 
tify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, 
directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, 
in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Cer- 
tificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Pei*son having the great- 
est Number of Votes shall be t'ne President, if such Number be a Majority of 
the whole Number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who 
have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of 
Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President ; 
and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the 
said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the 
President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from eacli 
State having one Vote ; A Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member 
or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States 
shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Ca<e, after the Choice of the Presi- 
dent, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall 
be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have 
equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.] 

The Congress may determine the Time of Chusing the Electors, and the 
Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, 
at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office 
of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not 
have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resi- 
dent within the United States. 

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Res 
ignation, or Inability to discharge the Powei-s and Duties of the said Office, 
the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law 
provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the 
President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as Presi- 

* This clause within brackets has been superseded and annulled by the 12th Amend- 
ment, on pag'e 269. 



264 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dent, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, 
or a President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compen- 
sation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for 
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period 
any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following 
Oath or Affirmation : — 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I Avill faithfully execute the Office of 
" President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, 
" protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. 

Section. 2. The President sliall be Commander in Chief of the Army and 
Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called 
into the actual Service of the United States ; he may require the Opinion, in 
writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon 
any subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have 
Power to grant Eeprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, 
except in Cases of Impeachment. 

He shall have Power, by and with the xldvice and Consent of the Senate, 
to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he 
shall nominate, and by r.nd Avith the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall 
appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the su- 
preme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law : 
but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, 
as tl'cy think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the 
Heads of Departments. 

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen 
during the Eeccss of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire 
at the End of their next Session. 

Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information 
of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Meas- 
ures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary 
Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagree- 
ment between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may ad- 
journ them to such Time as he sliall think proper; he shall receive Ambassa- 
dors and other public Ministers ; he shall take Care that the Laws be faith- 
fully executed, and shall Commission all the officers of the United States. 

Section. 4. The President, V^ice President and all civil Officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Convic- 
tion of. Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE. III. 

Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in 
one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 

time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and in- 
ferior Courts, shall hold their OflSces during good Behavior, and shall, at 
stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their Continuance in Office. 

Sectioi^. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and 
Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and 
Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority ; — to all Cases 
affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls ; — to all (.'ases of 
admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction ; — to Controversies to which the United 
States shall be a Party ; — to Controversies between two or more States ; — be- 
tween a State and Citizens of another State ; between Citizens of different 
States, — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of 
different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign 
States, Citizens or Subjects. 

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, 
and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have origi- 
nal Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court 
shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Excep- 
tions, and under such Eegulations as the Congress shall make. 

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury ; 
and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been 
committed ; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at 
such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. 

Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levy- 
ing War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and 
Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony 
of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but 
no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except 
during the Life of the Person attainted. 

ARTICLE. IV. 

Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given m each State to the pub- 
lic Arts, Eecords, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the 
Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, 
Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. 

Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges 
and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who 
shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the 
executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be 
removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation there- 
in, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on 
Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. 
12 



266 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any 
other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, 
or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States con- 
cerned as well as of the Congress. 

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Eules 
and Eegulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the 
United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a Eepublican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them 
against Invasion ; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive 
(when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. 

ARTICLE. V. 
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces- 
sary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of 
the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for 
proposing Amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all Intents 
and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths 
thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Eatification may be proposed by the 
Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the 
Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the 
first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ; and that no 
State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. 

AETICLE. VI. 

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made 
in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; 
and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Con- 
stitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Eepresentatives before mentioned, and the Members of 
the several State Legislatures, and ail executive and judicial Ofiicers, both of 
the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirma- 
tion, to support this Constitutioa ; but no religious Test shall ever be required 
as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. 

AETICLE. VII. 
The Eatification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be suflScient for 
the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
Same, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 267 

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the 
Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United 
States of America the Twelfth In Witness whereof We have here- 
unto subscribed our Names, 

GEO WASHINGTON— 
Presidt and deputy from, Virginia 
Neio Hampshire. — John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. 
Massachusetts. — Nathaniel Goeham, Eufus King. 
Connecticut. — Wm. Saml. Johnson, Eoger Sherman. 
Neio York. — Alexander Hamilton. 

New Jersey. — Wil : Livingston, Wm. Paterson, David Brearley, Jona. 
Dayton. 

Pennsylvania. — B. Franklin, Eobt. Morris, Tho : Fitzsimons, James 
Wilson, Thomas Mifflin, Geo : Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Gouv : Morris. 
Delaware. — Geo: Kead, John Dickinson, Jaco : Broom, Gunning Bed- 
ford, Jun'r, EiCHARD Bassett, 

Maryland. — James M' Henry, Danl. Carroll, Dan : of St. Thos. Jeni- 
fer. 

Virginia. — John Blair, James Madison, Jr., 

North Carolina. — Wm. Blount, Hu. Williamson, Eich'd Dobbs Spaight, 
South Carolina. — J. Eutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth 
PiNCKNEY Pierce Butler. 

Georgia. — William Few, Abr. Baldwin. 

Attest: WILLIAM ;iA.GK&0^, Secretary. 



The Constitution was adopted on the 17th September, 1787, by the Con- 
vention appointed in pursuance of the resolution of the Congress of the Con- 
federation, of the 21st February, 1787, and was ratified by the Conventions 
of the several States, as follows, viz. : 

By Convention of Delaware, on the 7th December, 1787. 

" " Pennsylvania, " 12th December, 1787. 

" " New jersey, " 18th December, 1787. 

" " Georgia, " 2d January, 1738. 

" " Connecticut, " 9th January, 1788. 

" " Massachusetts, " 6th February, 1788. 

" " Maryland, " 28th April, 1788. 

" " South Carolina, " 23d May, 1788. 

" '' New Hampshire, " 21st June, 1788. 

" " Virginia, " 26th June, 1788. 

" " New York, " 26th July, 1788. 

" " North Carolina, " 21st November, 1789. 

" " Ehode Island, '' 29th May, 1790. 



ARTICLES 

IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 
THE CONSTITUTION 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Proposed hy Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, 
pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution. 

(AETICLE 1.) 
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or 
of the press ; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to peti- 
tion the Government for a redress of grievances. 

(AETICLE II.) 
A well regulated Jtlilitia, being necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 

(AETICLE III.) 

No Soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the 
consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
by law. 

(AETICLE IV.) 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and 
no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affir- 
mation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
or things to be seized. 

(AETICLE V.) 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases 
arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 269 

time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same 
offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in 
any Criminal Case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, 
liberty, or property, witliout due process of law ; nor shall private property 
be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

(AETICLE VI.) 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 
crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have Compulsory 
process for obtaining Witnesses in his favour, and to have the Assistance of 
Counsel for his defence. 

(AETICLE VII.) 

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury, shall be preserved, and no fact tried 
by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, 
than according to the rules of the common law. 

(ARTICLE VIIL) 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

(ARTICLE IX.) 
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

(ARTICLE X.) 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
people. 

(ARTICLE XI.) 

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any 
Foreign State. 

(ARTICLE XII.) 

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabit- 
ant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number 
of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed 



270 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President 
of the Senate ; — the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall 
then be counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- 
dent, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
ber of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from 
the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of 
those voted for as President, the House of Eepresentatives shall choose im- 
mediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House of Eepresentatives shall not choose a President 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in 
the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The 
person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the 
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest num- 
bers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the 
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a 
majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person 
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of 
Vice-President of the United States. 

(AETICLE Xm.) 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- 
ment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appro- 
pricite legislation. 

(AETICLE XIV.) 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and sub- 
ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the 
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 
shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor 
shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due 
process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal pro- 
tection of the laws. 

Section 2. Eepresentatives shall be appointed among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any 
election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the 
United States, Eepresentatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers 
of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 271 

male inhabitants of such State (being twenty-one years of age and citizens of 
the United States), or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebel- 
lion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the 
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole 
number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in said State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or Elector, or President, or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an 
oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a 
member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any 
State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in 
insm'rection, or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the ene- 
mies thereof; but Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each House, re- 
move such disability. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- 
ized by lasv, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties, 
for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned : 
but neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or 
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, 
or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave. But all such debts, 
obligations, and claims, shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this Article. 

(AETICLE XV.) 

Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of 
race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by ap- 
propriate legislation. 



THE END, 



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[see next page.] 



HISTOR r.— (Continued.) 



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[see next PAGE.] 



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